分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 3 - 62 m (Ref. 9710), usually ? - 10 m (Ref. 5222). 熱帶; 3°S - 31°S, 30°E - 75°E (Ref. 5222)
Western Indian Ocean: Kenya to South Africa, Comoros, Madagascar, Aldabra, Seychelles, Mauritius, St. Brandon's Shoals, Nazareth Bank, and the Chagos Archipelago. Unknown from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and the Asian coast from Arabia to India.
西印度洋: 肯亞到南非，科摩洛，馬達加斯加，亞達伯拉，塞錫爾群島，模里西斯，聖勃蘭敦的淺灘，拿撒勒岸堤, 與查戈斯群島。 未知的從紅海，波斯灣, 與來自阿拉伯到印度的亞洲海岸。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 96.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4787); 最大體重: 17.3 kg (Ref. 92920)
背棘 (總數) : 7 - 8; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10 - 12; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8.
Usually found in shallow water (less than 10 m), however, Kyushin et al. (1977, Ref. 6894) reported specimens caught on a vertical longline at depths of 45 to 62 m. Solitary or in small groups. Often drifts well above the bottom (Ref. 9710). Feeds exclusively on fishes (parrotfishes, wrasses, holocentrids, acanthurids, a triggerfish, and a juvenile Sphyraena) (Ref. 6448). Also caught with trawls.
通常發現於淺水區 (少於 10 公尺), 然而, Kyushin 等人。 (1977,參考文獻 6894) 報告標本在一個垂直的延繩釣深度 45 到 62 公尺上面捕獲了。 獨居性或形成小群魚群。 時常漂流離底部一段距離。 (參考文獻 9710) 專門捕食魚 (鸚哥魚，隆頭魚科的魚， holocentrids ，刺尾魚科，一隻鱗魨 , 與一個幼年的 Sphyraena) 。 (參考文獻 6448) 也用拖網捕獲。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
西印度洋: 肯亞到南非，科摩洛，馬達加斯加，亞達伯拉，塞錫爾群島，模里西斯，聖勃蘭敦的淺灘，拿撒勒岸堤, 與查戈斯群島。 未知的從紅海，波斯灣, 與來自阿拉伯到印度的亞洲海岸。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 21 November 2016
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25 - 28.1, mean 27.1 °C (based on 268 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00558 - 0.02364), b=3.04 (2.88 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.79 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 21.7 [13.4, 37.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.457 [0.248, 0.770] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [16.9, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.135 [0.089, 0.206] g/100g; Selenium = 38.4 [21.4, 71.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 116 [40, 376] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.746 [0.516, 1.057] mg/100g (wet weight);
