Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
বাস্তুসংস্থান
সামুদ্রিক রীফ সংশ্লিষ্ট; গভীরতার পরিসীমা 9 - 300 m (Ref. 5222). Tropical; 15°N - 33°S, 23°E - 77°E (Ref. 5222)
Western Indian Ocean: Kenya to Knysna, South Africa and the Kerala coast of India; however, there are no records between Kenya and Durban, nor between Kenya and India. Record from Djibouti (Ref. 5450) is doubtful.
আকৃতি / ওজন / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 137 cm TL পুরুষ/ লিঙ্গ অনিধর্ারিত ; (Ref. 5213); common length : 70.0 cm TL পুরুষ/ লিঙ্গ অনিধর্ারিত ; (Ref. 5450); সবের্াচ্চ প্রকাশিত ওজন : 55.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
পৃষ্ঠীয় কাঁটা (মোট ) : 11; পৃষ্ঠীয় নরম পাখনা দন্ড (মোট ) : 13 - 14; পায়ূ কাঁটা : 3; পায়ূর নরম পাখনা্তুন্ড: 8 - 9. Distinguished by the following characteristics: variable coloration depending on size and depth of capture: head and body greyish brown for specimens up to 35 cm SL, shading to pale purplish grey ventrally, with three broad dark bars between the dorsal fin and lateral line; broad dark blotch dorsally on the caudal peduncle, reaching about halfway to the lateral line; specimens from deep water 88-115 cm SL with rosy slate or chocolate brown; throat and hidden membranes of head pinkish grey; without bars, spots or blotches; body depth 2.5-2.8 times in SL; head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; convex interorbital area; angular preopercle; convex upper edge of operculum; posterior nostril diameter 2-4 times larger than anterior nostril; scaly maxilla, reaching to or slightly past vertical at rear edge of eye; 2 rows of teeth in midlateral part of lower jaw in 20-56 cm SL fish and 3-4 rows in 70-90 cm SL fish; caudal fin truncate; ctenoid lateral body scales, auxiliary scales sparse or absent on body scales (Ref. 089707).
Along the South African coast, it occurs on rocky bottoms at depths of 9 to at least 55 m; off the coast of Kenya it occurs below the major thermocline at 125 to 200; also known from deep waters off the Kerala coast of India at 250 to 300 m. Occurrence off the coasts of Kenya and India appears to be an example of 'tropical submergence' by which temperate species are able to live at tropical latitudes only in the cooler deep-water zone.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | প্রজনন | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | শুককীট
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
মৎস্য: বাণিজ্যিক
হাতিয়ার
Special reports
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ইন্টারনেট সুত্র
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 18.4 - 26.1, mean 23.2 °C (based on 51 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00571 - 0.02419), b=3.04 (2.88 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
ট্রফিক পর্যায়ে (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
স্থিতিস্থাপক (Ref.
120179): অত্যন্ত কম , সর্বনিম্ন প্রজন দ্বিগুনের সময় ১৪ বৎসর (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 13.1 [5.9, 30.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.384 [0.199, 0.775] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.9, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.117 [0.068, 0.201] g/100g; Selenium = 63.5 [34.8, 117.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 112 [31, 422] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.01 [0.70, 1.44] mg/100g (wet weight);
