分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 3 - 60 m (Ref. 68964), usually 3 - 60 m (Ref. 5222). 熱帶; 31°N - 31°S, 30°E - 178°W (Ref. 5222)
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea to South Africa and east to the Gilbert Islands. Probably found in all tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. Also reported from Persian Gulf (Ref. 68964). Recorded from Europa Island (MNHN 1992-0475, Ref. 33390).
印度-西太平洋: 紅海到南非而且東至吉柏特島。 可能發現於印度洋的所有熱帶島嶼了。 記錄自歐羅巴島了。 (MNHN 1992-0475, 參考文獻 33390)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 34 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4787)
背棘 (總數) : 9; 背的軟條 (總數) : 17 - 18; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 9. This species is distinguished by the following characters: deep and compressed body with greatest depth 2.1-2.4 in SL; dorsal head profile steep, straight, or slightly concave along snout and distinctly convex from eye to dorsal fin; longitudinal scale series 94-104; gill rakers 8-11 + 15-17; in adults the middle dorsal and anal-fin rays are elongated, giving these fins an angular profile, with the rear margin almost vertical; caudal fin truncate, 8 branched rays in upper lobe and 7 in lower lobe; pectoral fins asymmetric, 17-19 rays. Colour of body dark brown to black, occasionally with an orange cast, usually with a pale vertical bar on side of abdomen; inside of mouth, gill cavity and upper jaw membranes reddish orange; juveniles with a broad white posterior margin on caudal fin and a narrow white margin on soft dorsal fin (Ref 5222).
深褐色的到黑色的, 偶然地有一個橘色的外貌 (參考文獻 5222). 在這鱸科魚類的嘴範圍從淡粉紅色到深紅色之內。 稚魚在尾鰭上有一個白色的邊緣。 (參考文獻 37816)
Adults are found in coastal reefs and lagoons, often on silty habitat (Ref. 48635), in or near caves and holes in the reef. They feed mainly on small fishes (including Pempheris sp.), also on stomatopods (Pseudosquilla sp.) (Ref. 6448); and crustaceans (Ref. 37816). Preliminary data indicate that mature individuals spawn at any time of the year and mature (females?) at about 35 cm SL (Ref. 6448). Small juveniles mimic Centropyge vrolikii (Ref. 8631), and C. nox until they outgrow their model in size (Ref. 48635). Taken as part of the live reef food fish trade centered in China and In Hong Kong and are occasionally found in markets (Ref. 89707). They are caught with hook-and-line, spear, and probably in traps (Ref. 39231).
發現於岸礁與潟湖了, 時常淤泥的棲息地 (參考文獻 48635), 在洞穴和孔洞裡或附近在礁。 主要吃小魚 (包括 Pempheris sp.), 也吃口足目動物 ( Pseudosquilla sp.);(參考文獻 6448) 而且甲殼動物.(參考文獻 37816) 初步的資料指出它在每年的任何時間產卵而且成熟 (雌性?) 於大約 35 公分 SL.(參考文獻 6448) 小的稚魚擬態 珠點刺尻魚〔Centropyge vrolikii〕 (參考文獻 8631), 與 C. nox ，直到他們在大小方面過大而不適於他們的模型。 (參考文獻 48635) 在香港活魚販售。 (參考文獻 27253)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 紅海到南非而且東至吉柏特島。 可能發現於印度洋的所有熱帶島嶼了。 記錄自歐羅巴島了。 (MNHN 1992-0475, 參考文獻 33390)
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 17 November 2016
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.1 - 29, mean 27.9 °C (based on 2908 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.00552 - 0.03150), b=3.08 (2.88 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.68 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34.1 [19.5, 56.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.311 [0.151, 0.637] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [16.2, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.136 [0.087, 0.211] g/100g; Selenium = 58.8 [33.8, 105.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 91.2 [25.0, 388.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.488 [0.315, 2.800] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
