分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Pagrus: Greek, pagros = a fish, Dentex, sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Forster.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 200 m (Ref. 28569). 亞熱帶的; 44°N - 47°S, 90°E - 175°W
Indo-Pacific: widely occurring off New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Indonesia, China, Taiwan, and Japan. Populations in the northern and southern hemispheres are independent and isolated but were similar enough to be declared one and the same species (Ref. 28569, 28591).
印度-太平洋: 廣泛地出現外海的紐西蘭，澳洲，菲律賓，印尼，中國，台灣與日本。 在北部與南半球的族群是獨立而孤立的但是夠相似來被宣佈一與相同的種.(參考文獻 28569,28591)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 26.2, range 20 - 28 cm
Max length : 130 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2334); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3243); 最大体重: 20.0 kg (Ref. 28591); 最大年龄: 54 年 (Ref. 92924)
Inhabit rocky reefs (Ref. 9702). Also occur in estuaries (Ref. 9563). Juveniles mainly inhabit inlets, bays and other shallow, sheltered marine waters, often over mud and seagrass (Ref. 6390). Small fish measuring less than 30 cm TL are common inshore around reef areas often in groups of around 30 individuals. Larger fish are shy and are less frequently seen (Ref. 26966). Adults often live near reefs, but are also found over mud and sand substrates (Ref. 6390). They are relatively sedentary. However, tagging studies have shown them capable of substantial migrations (Ref. 28591). Crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, etc) form the basis of the diet, but marine worms, starfish, sea urchins, shellfish and fish are also important (Ref. 28591). Not commercially cultured at present but considered as a prime aquaculture candidate (Ref. 28590). Maximum estimated age for SW Pacific is 54 years with validated longevity on the order of 40 years based on minimum age from bomb radiocarbon dating (Ref. 92924; Allen Andrews, pers.comm. 01/13). It is parasitised by the monogenean Anoplodiscus cirrusspiralis on the fins and body surface (Ref. 124057).
栖息于岩礁。 (参考文献 9702) 也出现在河口。 (参考文献 9563) 稚鱼主要地居住于小水湾, 海湾与其他的水浅又掩蔽的海洋, 时常在泥与海草上面.(参考文献 6390) 测量少于 30 公分TL 的小鱼是礁区的周围大约 30个个体是常形成鱼群的普遍沿海地区。 较大的鱼是害羞而且时常更不被见到。 (参考文献 26966) 成鱼时常生活在礁的附近, 但是也被发现在泥地与沙地底部上面.(参考文献 6390) 他们是相当定栖的。 然而，附以签条研究已经给他们看能够实质上的回游。 (参考文献 28591) 甲壳动物 (螃蟹，虾 , 等等) 形成食性的基础，但是海洋的蠕虫，海星，海胆, 贝与鱼也是重要的。 (参考文献 28591) 不目前商业地养殖但是被当作一个主要的水产业候选鱼种.(参考文献 28590)
Mature adults form large schools in preferred spawning areas (Ref. 6390). They are serial spawners (Ref. 6390). Spawning generally occurs in waters less than 50 m deep (Ref. 6390). They generally only spawn when water temp is equal to 18°C (Ref. 6390).
There have been no investigations of sex reversals in Australian snapper populations. However, in New Zealand, some juvenile snapper change sex from female to male but all such changes are completed by the onset of maturity (Ref. 28040).印度-太平洋: 廣泛地出現外海的紐西蘭，澳洲，菲律賓，印尼，中國，台灣與日本。 在北部與南半球的族群是獨立而孤立的但是夠相似來被宣佈一與相同的種.(參考文獻 28569,28591)
Paulin, C.D., 1990. Pagrus auratus, a new combination for the species known as "snapper" in Australasian waters (Pisces: Sparidae). N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 24(2):259-265. (Ref. 28569)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 实验的; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14 - 25.2, mean 17.4 °C (based on 293 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02188 (0.01250 - 0.03829), b=2.97 (2.82 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=11).
Prior r = 0.34, 95% CL = 0.23 - 0.52, Based on 3 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12 [5, 25] mg/100g; Iron = 0.581 [0.194, 1.769] mg/100g; Protein = 20.8 [19.1, 22.7] %; Omega3 = 0.139 [0.067, 0.297] g/100g; Selenium = 24.5 [10.4, 61.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.4 [3.6, 93.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.569 [0.277, 1.225] mg/100g (wet weight);
