分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Scaridae (Parrotfishes)
鸚哥魚科 (Parrotfishes) > Scarinae
Etymology: Bolbometopon: Greek, bolbos-ou = onion + Greek, metopon = brow (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 0 - 40 m (Ref. 90102). 熱帶; 34°N - 26°S, 32°E - 145°W (Ref. 116632)
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Samoa and the Line Islands, north to the Yaeyama and Wake islands, south to the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia.
印度-太平洋: 紅海而且東非到美屬薩摩亞與 th 列島群島, 北至八重山與維克島, 南至大堡礁與新加勒多尼亞。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 130 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9710); common length : 70.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9793); 最大體重: 46.0 kg (Ref. 2334)
背棘 (總數) : 9; 背的軟條 (總數) : 10; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9. This species is distinguished by the following characters: median predorsal scales 2-4 (may be obscured by hump); 3 scale rows on cheek, 1 (4-6), 2 (3-6), 3 (1-2); pectoral-fin rays 16 or 17; steep profile distinctive; nodules on teeth unique (Ref. 9793); prominent bump on forehead of adult (evident at least 25 cm TL); deep body 2.0-2.5 in SL, with depth increasing with growth; Colour of juveniles brownish to green with 5 vertical rows of whitish spots on side, the primary phase is a dull gray with scattered white spots, gradually becoming uniformly dark green (Ref. 90102, 1602).
中央的前背鱗片 2 到 4;(可能是被隆起遮掩) 在頰的鱗片列 1(4-6) 上的鱗片,2(3-6),3(1-2).(參考文獻 9793) 有時與頭部隆起隆頭魚或其他的 '頭部隆起' 鸚哥魚互相混淆。 (參考文獻 1602) 不像隆頭魚, 它有一個垂直的頭部輪廓, 而且不像其他的鸚哥魚，它均勻地被涵蓋除了頭部的前緣時常是淡綠色的到粉紅色的, 而且有一個小節的外部表面到它的喙.(參考文獻 1602) 初期的階段是一暗灰色的有分散的白色斑點, 逐漸地變成全深綠色.(參考文獻 1602)
Juveniles are found in lagoons while adults inhabit clear outer lagoon and seaward reefs up to depths of at least 30 m (Ref. 9710). They ‘sleep’ in caves and often in shipwrecks at night (Ref. 48636). They are usually in small groups feeding on benthic algae, live corals (Ref. 9710) and shellfishes (Ref. 58784). They sometimes ram their head against corals to facilitate feeding (Ref. 9710). The largest and wariest of the parrotfishes. Assessments showed their vulnerability to overfishing (Ref. 9710). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
稚魚發現於潟湖了; 成魚在清澈且較外面的潟湖與臨海礁石到深度至少 30 公尺.(參考文獻 9710) 通常形成小的群。 吃水底的藻類與活珊瑚。 可能用頭撞擊珊瑚促進進食。 (參考文獻 9710) 睡在洞中與常見於遇難船中在晚上.(參考文獻 48636) 鸚哥魚的最大的與最小心的。 應受保育的由於捕撈過度。 (參考文獻 9710)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). Also Ref. 103751.印度-太平洋: 紅海而且東非到美屬薩摩亞與 th 列島群島, 北至八重山與維克島, 南至大堡礁與新加勒多尼亞。
Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 506 p. (Ref. 2334)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.3 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 2570 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.00641 - 0.02973), b=3.03 (2.86 - 3.20), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.7 ±0.41 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 11.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (92 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19 [11, 34] mg/100g; Iron = 0.448 [0.252, 0.800] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [16.8, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.0876 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 43.7 [22.6, 76.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 40.3 [12.6, 120.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.14 [0.81, 1.69] mg/100g (wet weight);
