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Gymnura hirundo (Lowe, 1843)

Madeira butterfly ray
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drawing shows typical species in Gymnuridae.

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchii 板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) 鰩目 (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays) 燕魟科 (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Lowe.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋 居於水底的. 亞熱帶的

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Eastern Central Atlantic: Madeira Islands. Southwest Atlantic: southern Brazil. Validity of this species questioned in Compagno's 1999 checklist (Ref. 35766).
中東大西洋: 馬得拉群島。 西南大西洋: 巴西南部。 這種的有效性在 Compagno 1999 名錄懷疑了。 (參考文獻 35766)

大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 167 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4439)

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Holotype measured 167 cm WD (Ref. 4439). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).

Holotype 有 167 公分 WD 長。 (參考文獻 4439) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).中東大西洋: 馬得拉群島。 西南大西洋: 巴西南部。 這種的有效性在 Compagno 1999 名錄懷疑了。 (參考文獻 35766)

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 : McEachran, John | 合作者

McEachran, J.D. and B. Séret, 1990. Gymnuridae. p. 64-66. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 4439)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

  未評估 

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

  無害處的





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Estimates based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278):  3.8   ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (Ref. 120179):  非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec assumed to be <10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).