分類 / Names
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Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Hippoglossinae
Etymology: Reinhardtius: Because of Johannes Christopher H. Reinhardt, Danish zoologist, studied under Vahl and Cuvier, professor in Kobanhavn in 1813 (1776-1845) (Ref. 45335).
Eponymy: Dr Johannes Christopher Hagemann Reinhardt (1778–1845) was a Norwegian zoologist who became Professor of Zoology (1814) at the University of Copenhagen. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Walbaum.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態学
海 底生の漂泳性; 海洋回遊性 (Ref. 51243); 深さの範囲 1 - 2200 m (Ref. 108960), usually 500 - 1000 m (Ref. 6263). Boreal; -1°C - 4°C (Ref. 43586); 79°N - 33°N, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54862)
Circumglobal: In arctic and temperate waters; northern hemisphere. Sea of Japan off Honshu north to Shishmaref, Alaska in the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Aleutian Islands, and southeast to northern Baja California, Mexico. North Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to Spitsbergen (Svalbard Islands) and the Barents Sea south to Ireland. Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
Length at first maturity / サイズ / 重さ / 年齢
Maturity: Lm 63.5, range 65 - 80 cm
Max length : 110 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 80637); 130.0 cm TL (female); common length : 56.0 cm FL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 55110); 最大公表体重: 7.0 kg (Ref. 173); 最大公表体重: 7.0 kg; 最大記録サイズ: 36 年 (Ref. 117245)
背面の脊椎 (合計) : 0; 背鰭 (合計) : 83 - 108; 肛門の骨: 0; 臀鰭: 62 - 79; 脊つい: 60 - 64. Dorsal origin behind posterior edge of upper eye. Caudal slightly forked to truncate. Pectorals small.
Often caught pelagically (Ref. 4705). Adults prefer bottom temperatures of -0.5°C to 6.0°C (Ref. 5951). Epibenthic (Ref. 58426). Feed on crustaceans, fishes (Ref. 4705, 6885), eelpouts, capelin, redfishes, deep sea prawns and other bottom invertebrates (Ref. 35388). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Utilized dried or salted and frozen; can be steamed and fried (Ref. 9988). Size of the Greenland halibut collected from 400-599 m deep in eastern Bering Sea, ranged from 9 to 99 cm FL with a mean of 56 cm (Ref. 55110).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟 | 繁殖 | 放精 | 卵 | 生産力 | 幼生
Fertilized eggs develop in approximately 50 days. Larvae are pelagic with a maximum size of 8 cm and will drift for about 4 months before settling at about 7 cm on clay-silt subtrates at depths of 300-450 m, after which they metamorphose (Ref. 117245).
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
IUCNのレッドリストの状況は (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Human uses
水産業: 高い商業の; ゲームフィッシュ: はい
用具
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インターネットの情報源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.5 - 4.2, mean 3 °C (based on 361 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00363 (0.00291 - 0.00453), b=3.19 (3.12 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
栄養段階 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 12.2 (11.0 - 15.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低い, ４．５年～１４年の倍増期間の最小個体群 (K=0.07-0.10; tm=7-12; tmax=30; Fec=6,800).
Prior r = 0.26, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.39, Based on 13 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.69 [3.30, 13.54] mg/100g; Iron = 0.117 [0.062, 0.270] mg/100g; Protein = 15 [13, 17] %; Omega3 = 0.262 [0.104, 0.631] g/100g; Selenium = 44.6 [20.3, 101.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.9 [3.9, 85.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.308 [0.204, 0.448] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
