分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 100 m (Ref. 9792), usually 20 - 50 m (Ref. 9792). 熱帶; 26°N - 21°S, 43°E - 156°E (Ref. 54739)
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Japan and Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到日本與澳洲。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 38.0, range 37 - 39 cm
Max length : 64.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6006); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大體重: 9.0 kg (Ref. 1468)
背棘 (總數) : 9 - 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 38 - 45; 臀棘: 1; 臀鰭軟條: 33 - 43; 脊椎骨: 23 - 25. Body oval and flat, but thicker than in most other flatfishes. Mouth large with strong teeth; maxillary extends well beyond hind edge of lower eye; both eyes on left or right side; upper eye lying immediately below dorsal edge; gill rakers not developed. Dorsal fin origin well posterior to eyes; anterior fin rays spinous; lateral line almost straight. Color usually brown or grey, sometimes with 4 broad, dark crossbars. Dorsal, anal and caudal fin tips black. Blind side occasionally partially colored. (Other sources of morphological data: Refs. 591, 529, 4416, 5997 and 6000).
卵形的軀幹而平坦的, 但是厚的超過在其他大部分的比目魚。 嘴巴大的，有強的齒; 上頜骨延伸越過眼睛下部的後緣; 兩眼在左邊或右邊; 眼睛上方緊鄰背緣正下方; 鰓耙不發展。 背鰭起點在眼後面; 前面的鰭條刺狀的; 幾乎筆直地的側線。 顏色通常褐色或灰色的, 有時有 4個寬又黑的交叉條紋。 背鰭、臀鰭與尾鰭頂端黑色。 沒有眼睛的一邊偶然部份彩色。 (形態學資料的其他來源: 參考文獻。 591,529,4416,5997 與 6000.)
Found on sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 9796, 48637). Usually deeply burried in the substrate during the day, but out and hunting at night (Ref. 48637). Often swims in an upright position (Ref. 9796). Mainly piscivorous (Ref. 5986). Mainly sold fresh (Ref. 5213); also utilized smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987). Processed into fish flour (Ref. 6040).
棲息於沙與泥底部了。 (參考文獻 9796) 時常游泳以垂直的姿勢。 (參考文獻 9796) 主要以魚為食.(參考文獻 5986) 主要地賣了生鮮地;(參考文獻 5213) 也利用煙燻而且凍結。 (參考文獻 9987) 加工成魚粉了。 (參考文獻 6040)
Studies in Porto Novo, India (Refs. 5993 & 5997) show that the sex ratio significantly differ from 1:1, but the reports are ambiguous as to which sex predominates.印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到日本與澳洲。
Nielsen, J.G., 1984. Psettodidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 3. (Ref. 3485)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.6 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1198 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00676 (0.00507 - 0.00901), b=3.14 (3.06 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.26-0.5; tm=3-4; Fec=300,000).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.49 - 1.11, Based on 3 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 122 [62, 249] mg/100g; Iron = 1.15 [0.54, 2.15] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.9, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.181 [0.080, 0.383] g/100g; Selenium = 68 [30, 151] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.1 [6.2, 65.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.728 [0.470, 1.071] mg/100g (wet weight);
