分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Scombriformes (Mackerels)
鱸形目 (Mackerels) >
Stromateidae (Butterfishes)
鯧科 (Butterfishes)
Etymology: Peprilus: Greek, peprilos, paprax, certain fish from Tracia.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 15 - 420 m (Ref. 58426), usually ? - 55 m (Ref. 53006). 亞熱帶的; 62°N - 26°N, 87°W - 52°W
Western Atlantic: from Labrador (Ref. 58426) to the gulf coasts of Florida (Ref. 2702). Absent in Bermuda or Caribbean (Ref. 26938).
西大西洋: 紐芬蘭東部與聖勞倫斯灣在加拿大藏海灘，美國的佛羅里達東部於掌中。 也在墨西哥灣.(參考文獻 2702) 不存在於百慕達群島或加勒比海。 (參考文獻 26938)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 12.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7251); common length : 20.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2702)
背棘 (總數) : 3; 臀棘: 3. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body oval to somewhat elongate, moderately deep (its depth 2.7 to 3 times in total length) and strongly compressed; eye medium-sized (its diameter 3.4 to 3.7 times in head length), surrounded by a small area of adipose tissue; snout short and blunt, lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper; mouth small, tip of maxillary not reaching to anterior eye margin; teeth in jaws very small, in a single row, while those in the upper jaw flattened and with 3 tiny cusps; dorsal and anal-fin bases very long (about equal in length), the anterior fin rays elevated, but fins not falcate, and both fins preceded by 3 short, weak, spines; caudal fin deeply forked; pectoral fins long (longer than head) and pointed; pelvic fins absent; a conspicuous series of 17 to 25 pores along anterior half of body under dorsal fin; lateral line high, following dorsal profile; scales small, present also on cheeks; caudal vertebrae 17 to 20; body color pale blue above, silvery below; numerous irregular dark spots on sides in live fish (fading after death) (Ref. 53006).
顯著地孔的列在側線上面在背面的前部上.(參考文獻 26938)
Forms large schools over the continental shelf, except during the winter months when it may descend to deeper water. Juveniles are generally found under floating weeds and jellyfish. Often found in brackish waters (Ref. 26938). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Adults feeds mainly on jellyfish (Ref. 26938), squids, arrow worms, crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426). Marketed fresh, smoked and frozen; eaten fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Mostly frozen and exported to Japan.
遍及大陸棚形成大群魚群, 除.在冬天期間之外它可能下降到較深的水域的數個月。 稚魚通常在漂浮的雜草與水母下面被發現。 時常發現於半鹹淡水域。 (參考文獻 26938) 沿海-大洋性.(參考文獻 58426) 成魚主要捕食水母 (參考文獻 26938) ，烏賊，箭蠕蟲，甲殼動物與蠕蟲。 (參考文獻 58426) 在市場上銷售生鮮、煙燻與冷凍; 油炸後食用, 火烤.而且燒烤.。 (參考文獻 9988) 大部份凍結而且輸出至日本。
西大西洋: 紐芬蘭東部與聖勞倫斯灣在加拿大藏海灘，美國的佛羅里達東部於掌中。 也在墨西哥灣.(參考文獻 2702) 不存在於百慕達群島或加勒比海。 (參考文獻 26938)
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 5.1 - 24.7, mean 21.7 °C (based on 250 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00872 - 0.01735), b=3.14 (3.04 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.8(?); tm=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 72.3 [28.5, 163.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.903 [0.420, 1.790] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.4, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.509 [0.299, 0.844] g/100g; Selenium = 40.4 [18.9, 79.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.6 [4.9, 43.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.93 [0.59, 1.40] mg/100g (wet weight);
