分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 46888); 深度上下限 10 - ? m. 熱帶; 29°N - 22°S, 36°E - 170°E
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea, Socotra to the west coast of India, Sri Lanka and extending to the east coast of India, Bangladesh, Andamans, Malaysia, China, the Marianas and Guam, the Philippines, and Australia.
印度-太平洋: 紅海， Socotra 到印度西岸, 斯里蘭卡而且延伸至印度東海岸，孟加拉，安達曼群島，馬來西亞，中國，馬里亞納群島與關島，菲律賓與澳洲。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 30573); common length : 33.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 30573)
背棘 (總數) : 5; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9.
Mostly found in marine waters, but enters estuaries and backwaters. Feed on small algae, diatoms, and other organic matter, both living and detrital, taken in with sand and mud. Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Spawning takes place at sea. Also caught with stakenets. Marketed fresh.
大部份發現於海洋., 但是進入河口與洄水區。 捕食小的藻類，矽藻與其他的有機物, 包括活的與岩屑上的, 與沙子與泥一起吃進去。 卵生的, 卵是大洋性與非黏性物.(參考文獻 205) 產卵在海上發生。 也用標樁網捕獲。 在市場上銷售生鮮地.。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-太平洋: 紅海， Socotra 到印度西岸, 斯里蘭卡而且延伸至印度東海岸，孟加拉，安達曼群島，馬來西亞，中國，馬里亞納群島與關島，菲律賓與澳洲。
Thomson, J.M., 1984. Mugilidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 3. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 2830)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 02 June 2020
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.6 - 29.1, mean 28.3 °C (based on 938 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00849 - 0.02577), b=2.93 (2.78 - 3.08), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.00 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 6.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.17).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
