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Macropodus opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Paradisefish
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Teleostei > Anabantiformes (Gouramies, snakeheads) 鱸形目 (Gouramies, snakeheads) > Osphronemidae (Gouramies) 絲足鱸科 (Gouramies) > Macropodusinae
Etymology: Macropodus: Greek, makros = great + Greek, pous, podos = foot (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 大洋性; pH range: 6.0 - 8.0; dH range: 5 - 19. 熱帶; 16°C - 26°C (Ref. 1672); 30°N - 20°N, 102°E - 122°E

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Asia: China, from Yangtze basin to the south, on Hainan Island, in Taiwan, north Viet Nam; introduced to the tropical and subtropical world (Ref. 42924). Very popular with aquarists and has been widely transported around the world.
亞洲: 中國, 從長江流域到南方, 在海南島上, 在台灣, 越南北方部; 引進了熱帶與亞熱帶的世界。 (參考文獻 42924) 非常受水族業者的歡迎而且已經在全世界廣泛地被傳送。

大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 6.7 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 43281); common length : 5.5 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193)

簡短描述 檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

背棘 (總數) : 11 - 17; 背的軟條 (總數) : 5 - 10; 臀棘: 7 - 22; 臀鰭軟條: 9 - 15; 脊椎骨: 27 - 29. Caudal fin forked, both lobes elongate in males (Ref. 559), with filamentous extension in each lobe (Ref. 43281); lower margin of preorbital sharply serrated (Ref. 559); conspicuous dark brown opercular spot with whitish posterior margin (margin red in life); body with 7-11 bold, dark bars on pale yellowish background in preserved specimens (blue bars on reddish background in life); dark stripe crossing eye connecting opercular spot with eye; top of head and predorsal body with dark spots; posterior tip or margin of scales on body not darker than scales (Ref. 42924).
尾鰭分岔, 雙葉在雄性 (參考文獻 559) 中延長, 在每個葉中有絲狀的延長;(參考文獻 43281) 眶前骨的下緣銳利地鋸齒狀的;(參考文獻 559) 顯著的深褐色的鰓蓋斑點有微白色的後緣;(邊緣紅色的活著時) 在保存的標本中的在灰白的淡黃色的背景上的身體有 7-11 顯著又深色的橫帶;(在淡紅的背景上的藍色的橫帶活著時) 深色的斑紋橫越用眼連接鰓蓋斑點的眼; 頭頂與前背的身體有深色的斑點; 在身體上的後頂端或鱗片的邊緣不顏色更深鱗片。 (參考文獻 42924)

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Adults inhabit any kind of lowland habitats from heterogeneous structured margins or backwaters of large rivers to small streams and irrigation channels on farmland (Ref. 42924). Can colonize stagnant water bodies with very low oxygen content (air breather). Found in streams, paddy fields and ditches (Ref. 5258). Feed on small aquatic animals including small fish. First ornamental fish to be brought to Europe (France 1869, Germany 1876) after the goldfish (Ref. 13371). Males will fight each other (Ref. 1672). Aquarium keeping: minimum aquarium size 80 cm (Ref. 51539).

在農地上棲息於來自各種結構邊緣或對小的溪流大河的洄水區與灌溉峽道的任何類型的低地棲息地。 (參考文獻 42924) 能移殖至污濁的水體具有非常低溶氧量 (呼吸空氣的魚類). 發現於溪流，稻田與溝渠了。 (參考文獻 5258) 吃小的水生動物包括小魚。 第一個觀賞魚被帶到歐洲 (法國 1869, 德國 1876) 在金魚之後.(參考文獻 13371) 會彼此爭鬥的雄性.(參考文獻 1672) 水族館保持: 水族館最小體型 80 公分.(參考文獻 51539)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚

The species is a bubble-nest builder; the male swims to the surface, draws a little air into his mouth and envelops it in a film of saliva thereby forming bubbles; upon building the nest, the male drives the female towards it; female spawns then male follows; male picks up the fertilized eggs in his mouth and pushes one by one into each bubble of the nest; male guards eggs until hatching (Ref. 5258). Produces up to 500 eggs (Ref. 1672).亞洲: 中國, 從長江流域到南方, 在海南島上, 在台灣, 越南北方部; 引進了熱帶與亞熱帶的世界。 (參考文獻 42924) 非常受水族業者的歡迎而且已經在全世界廣泛地被傳送。

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

Freyhof, J. and F. Herder, 2002. Review of the paradise fishes of the genus Macropodus in Vietnam, with description of two species from Vietnam and southern China (Perciformes: Osphronemidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 13(2):147-167. (Ref. 42924)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

  無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 02 September 2010

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

  無害處的





人類使用

漁業: 沒有興趣; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5020   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00712 - 0.03073), b=2.98 (2.78 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278):  3.8   ±0.55 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref. 120179):  高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (tm<1; Fec=100-500 times 6-12 spawning events).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low vulnerability (10 of 100).