分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Cypriniformes (Carps) >
Leuciscidae (Minnows) > Leuciscinae
Etymology: Leuciscus: Greek, leykiskos = white mullet (Ref. 45335); leuciscus: Name from Greek 'leucos' meaning bright, shining white..
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 6.0 - 8.0; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - ? m. 溫帶; 4°C - 22°C (Ref. 41616); 72°N - 41°N, 10°W - 155°E
Europe and Asia: North, Baltic, White and Barents Sea basins; Caspian basin, in Volga and Ural drainages; Black Sea basin, from Danube to Dniepr drainages; Atlantic basin, in Seine drainage; Mediterranean basin from Rhône to Arch drainages (France). Only very localized in Danube main river in Romania, in Scandinavia north of 69°N and most of cenral Finland. Populations from Siberia and East Asia usually referred to Leuciscus leuciscus are distinct species, Leuciscus baicalensis and Leuciscus dzungaricus (Ref. 59043). Has become widespread in Europe and gained access to Ireland as a bait fish. At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction (Ref. 1739).
歐洲與亞洲: 已經在歐洲變得廣泛分佈而且進入愛爾蘭作為一個誘餌魚.(參考文獻 1739) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 17.9 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 30578); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大体重: 1.0 kg (Ref. 30578); 最大年龄: 16 年 (Ref. 41616)
背棘 (总数) : 2 - 3; 背的软条 (总数) : 7 - 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 9; 脊椎骨: 42 - 46. Diagnosed from congeners in Europe by the following characters: subinferior or subterminal mouth; subequal jaw, upper jaw slightly longer; upper lip tip about level with center of eye; not projecting snout; articulation of lower jaw distinctly behind anterior margin of eye; horizontal branch of preoperculum shorter than vertical branch; and 40-50 + 1-2 scales on lateral line (Ref. 59043). Rarely longer than 30 cm TL; normally 47-52 scales in lateral line; anal fin concave; caudal fin forked with 19 rays (Ref. 41616).
很少长度超过 30 公分TL; 通常在侧线中的 47-52个鳞片; 臀鳍凹曲; 尾鳍以19个鳍条分岔。
Gregarious fish which swims near the surface (Ref. 30578). Inhabits moderate to fast-flowing large streams to large rivers with rock or gravel bottom. Adults aggregate in dense swarms in winter in the lower reaches of rivers or backwaters and often migrate to spawning streams in autumn and overwinter there. Juveniles spend winter in cavities along the shores. Early juveniles occur in very shallow shoreline habitats and when they grow, they leave the shores for faster-flowing waters. Feeding larvae thrive along shores. Prey on small invertebrates. Spawns in fast-flowing water on shallow gravel beds, often in small tributaries (Ref. 59043). Breeds in March and April (Ref. 30578). Pale yellow eggs are found attached to gravel and stones in shallow, flowing water (Ref. 41678).
在表面巡游的群居的 鱼.(参考文献 30578) 偏爱河与清澈寒冷的湖上面范围。 吃昆虫，蠕虫，蜗牛, 与很少地植物。 在波罗地海东部中进入半淡咸水。 繁殖发生于三月与四月。 (参考文献 30578) 淡黄色的卵被发现在流动的浅滩中依附于砾石与石头。 (参考文献 41678)
Regularly undertake migration of some tens of km to spawning sites, which are often situated in tributaries. Males form large aggregations, each male defending a small territory. Females lay sticky eggs into excavaitons made in gravel (Ref. 59043).歐洲與亞洲: 已經在歐洲變得廣泛分佈而且進入愛爾蘭作為一個誘餌魚.(參考文獻 1739) 至少一個國家報告引入後的不利的生態衝擊。
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人类利用
渔业: 没有兴趣; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 诱饵: usually
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00559 - 0.00746), b=3.15 (3.12 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.9 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.18-0.25; tm=3-4; tmax=10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 113 [51, 231] mg/100g; Iron = 0.783 [0.453, 1.420] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.5, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.601 [0.267, 1.255] g/100g; Selenium = 8.31 [4.09, 16.84] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.7 [8.6, 75.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.02 [0.69, 1.49] mg/100g (wet weight);
