Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ gần đáy; Mức độ sâu 0 - 60 m (Ref. 9804). Tropical; 20°C - 30°C (Ref. 13614); 37°N - 28°S, 48°E - 154°E
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea (Ref. 130655), the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Japan (north to central Honshu), China, South China Sea including Gulf of Thailand, Indonesia, northern Australia.
Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 9804); common length : 25.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3540)
Spiny dorsal-fin membrane very dark between first and third spines, and usually equally dark between third and fifth spines. Outline of head from base of first dorsal-fin spine to above eye an even slightly convex curve or almost a straight line (Ref 9804).
Inhabits sandy or muddy flat in coastal and estuarine waters. Feeds on benthic invertebrates. Sold fresh in markets. Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Minimum depth range from Ref. 121772.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng
Matsuura, K., 2001. Triacanthidae. Triplespines. p. 3905-3910. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9804)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.6 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1448 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7578 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00523 - 0.02196), b=2.87 (2.68 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 2.8 ±0.29 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.22).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).