Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Umbrina: Latin, umbra, -ae = shadow, in the sense of phantom; due to its quick movements (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 20 - 200 m (Ref. 2683). 亞熱帶的; 43°N - 36°S, 19°W - 56°E (Ref. 56870)
Eastern Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: western Mediterranean and Gibraltar (Ref. 3593) to the Cape and along the east coast of Africa to the Persian Gulf. Not yet recorded from Namibia but may eventually be found there (Ref. 27121).
東大西洋與西印度洋: 地中海西部與直布羅陀 (參考文獻 3593) 到岬而且沿著非洲東岸到波斯灣。 已經不再從那米比亞記錄最後但是可能在那裡被發現於.(參考文獻 27121)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 11228); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3490)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 23 - 26; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 7. Juveniles brown with narrow oblique wavy stripes, becoming obscure with age (Ref. 4373).
稚魚褐色的有狹窄的斜波浪狀的斑紋, 變成暗隨著年齡。 (參考文獻 4373)
Coastal species (Ref. 27000). Inhabits rocky and sandy bottoms (Ref. 2683). Juveniles may occur in littoral areas. Feeds on shrimps, worms and other bottom-dwelling invertebrates (Ref. 4780). Sold fresh (Ref. 3490).
沿岸魚種.(參考文獻 27000) 棲息於岩質與砂質底部。 (參考文獻 2683) 稚魚可能出現在海濱的區域, 但是不在河口。 吃蝦，蠕蟲與其他的底棲無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 4780) 生鮮販賣了。 (參考文獻 3490)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
東大西洋與西印度洋: 地中海西部與直布羅陀 (參考文獻 3593) 到岬而且沿著非洲東岸到波斯灣。 已經不再從那米比亞記錄最後但是可能在那裡被發現於.(參考文獻 27121)
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.7 - 25.8, mean 17.3 °C (based on 233 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00560 - 0.01485), b=3.09 (2.95 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.42 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 54 [30, 110] mg/100g; Iron = 0.976 [0.488, 1.737] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [18.6, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.322 [0.192, 0.523] g/100g; Selenium = 41.6 [22.4, 81.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.95 [1.99, 20.02] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.574 [0.405, 0.843] mg/100g (wet weight);
