Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
; स्वच्छ जल, अलवण जल बेनथोपिलाजिक; पोटामोड़िरोमस (Ref. 51243); गहराई सीमा 10 - ? m. Temperate; 10°C - 24°C (Ref. 2060); 57°N - 42°N, 5°W - 36°E
Europe: North of the Pyrénées and Alps, from Adour (France) eastward to Neman (Lithuania, Russia) drainages, in rivers draining to Atlantic, North sea and southern Baltic Sea; Danube to Dniepr drainages in northern Black Sea basin; southeastern England north to Yorkshire. Found almost throughout Mediterranean drainages of France. Locally introduced in northern and central Italy, rivers Wear, Tees and Medway and most western drainages of England.
आकार / वज़न / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 31730); common length : 30.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 556); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 12.0 kg (Ref. 31730); अधिकतम सूचित उम्र: 15 वर्षो (Ref. 59043)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 3 - 4; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 7 - 9; गुदा कांटा: 2 - 3; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 5 - 6; जानवरों की रीड़ का जोड़: 46 - 47. Diagnosed from its congeners in France, Great Britain, Black, North, Baltic and Adriatic Sea basins and Apennine Peninsula by having the following characters: lower lip thick with a median swollen pad; tip of dorsal pointed; posterior margin of dorsal concave; last simple dorsal ray spinous, serrated along entire posterior edge; flexible segmented part of last simple dorsal ray about 20-24% of its length; fine dark spots (or no spots) in individuals larger than 10 cm SL; 53-63 total scales on lateral line; 12-14 scale rows between dorsal origin and lateral line; pelvic origin about below dorsal origin; scales with free posterior part pointed; scales on back with 1-5 well developed median longitudinal epithelial crests (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19-20 rays (Ref. 2196).
Inhabits from premontane to lowland reaches of clear, warm, medium sized to large rivers with fast current and gravel bottom. Occasionally found in lakes. Frequently overwinters in large group, inactive or active in slow-flowing river habitats. Adults often form shoal, hiding under overhanging trees or bridges during the day. Adults are encountered most active during dusk and dawn while larvae and juveniles are active during both day and night. Larvae and juvenile stay on the bottom in very shallow shoreline habitats and leave the shores for faster-flowing waters as they grow (Ref. 59043). Lives in the deeper, faster-flowing upper reaches of rivers with stony or gravel bottom (barbel zones). Feeds chiefly on benthic invertebrates, such as small crustaceans, insect larvae, mollusks, mayfly and midge larvae (Ref. 6258) and also on small fish and sometimes algae (Ref. 59043). Spawns usually in very shallow, fast-flowing riffles (Ref. 59043). Spawning occurs from May to July after the fish have migrated upriver (Ref. 556). Eggs are poisonous (Refs. 4537, 6258). Locally threatened due to water pollution and river regulation, especially in Baltic drainages, Elbe, South Bug and Dniepr, and heavily impacted by pollution in central Europe but recovering. Population has declined sharply due to construction of large reservoirs and pollution during 20th century and has stabilized at a moderate level since then (Ref. 59043).
"Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles. Males may exhibit courting or sneaking tactics in spawning site. Courting males follow females to spawning site and, during the spawning act, one male swims head to head with the female. Sneaking males, waiting in the spawning site, then join the couple and try to fertilize eggs. Up to 130 males have been reported to be involved in a single spawning act. Females deposit non-sticky eggs in 2-3 portions into excavations made in the gravel" (Ref. 59043).
Bianco, P.G., 1998. Diversity of Barbinae fishes in southern Europe with description of a new genus and a new species (Cyprinidae). Ital. J. Zool. 65:125-136. (Ref. 31730)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य; जलीयकृषि: संभावित भविष्य में उपयोग; आखेट मत्स्य: हां; जलजीवालय: व्यापारिक
साधन
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00668 - 0.01245), b=2.99 (2.94 - 3.04), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.39 se; based on food items.
लौटाव (Ref.
120179): निम्न, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 4.5 - 14 वर्ष। (tm=3-5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 23.2 [13.3, 39.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.391 [0.246, 0.620] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [16.8, 18.6] %; Omega3 = 0.972 [0.401, 2.502] g/100g; Selenium = 20.4 [7.7, 54.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33.1 [10.4, 106.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.811 [0.568, 1.154] mg/100g (wet weight);
