Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina revassocierade; djupintervall 0 - 80 m (Ref. 86942). Tropical; 35°N - 31°S, 30°E - 77°W
Indo-Pacific: from Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, north to Mie Prefecture, Japan and east to southwestern coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico and Gulf of California to Ecuador (Ref. 9283).
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 32.5  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 11441); common length : 75.0 cm FL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 9283); publicerad maxvikt: 15.0 kg (Ref. 30874)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 8; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 18 - 20; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 3; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 15 - 17.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Adults occur in deep lagoon and seaward reefs where they feed by rooting for crustaceans and fossorial invertebrates in the sand but they also feed on small fishes (Ref. 9710, 90102). Small juveniles live among the tentacles of jellyfish (Ref. 9710). Adults form schools and are also noted for their behavior to closely swim around sharks and other large fishes, and also follow divers (Ref. 10361). Juveniles particularly display this piloting behavior to gain protection from likely predators (Ref. 9710, 90102). Marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283). Juveniles are used in the aquarium trade. Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995. Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9283)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell; Vattenbruk: kommersiell; sportfisk: ja; Akvarium: Kommersiell
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.01151 - 0.01441), b=2.96 (2.93 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.52 se; based on food items.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.14-0.53).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
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Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.3 [19.7, 67.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.714 [0.413, 1.278] mg/100g; Protein = 20.1 [19.0, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.14 [0.09, 0.22] g/100g; Selenium = 51.7 [30.8, 93.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.8 [9.1, 68.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.751 [0.538, 1.061] mg/100g (wet weight);