分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Leucoraja: Greek, leykos = white + Latin, raja = a fish, Raja sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Müller & Henle.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 12 - 900 m (Ref. 106604), usually 20 - 250 m (Ref. 11284). 亞熱帶的; 63°N - 15°N, 18°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Kattegat (Ref. 3167) and North Sea, around Great Britain, Ireland and the Mediterranean to Morocco and Senegal.
東大西洋: Kattegat(參考文獻 3167) 與北海, 英國，愛爾蘭與地中海到摩洛哥與塞內加爾的周圍。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 57.5, range 45 - 71.8 cm
Max length : 81.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 106604); 68.0 cm TL (female); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3261)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 臀棘: 0. Snout short; upper surface entirely spinulose, but centre of pectoral fins more or less bare in adults, underside smooth except for prickly front edges; generally 9-13 thorns in a complete row around inner margin of eye, and a large triangle of thorns on nape or shoulder region; two parallel rows of strong thorns on each side of midline along tail; upper surface ochre to light greyish-brown with a large roundish black eye-spot in middle of each pectoral fin, underside white (Ref. 3167)
吻短; 上表皮长满刺, 但是胸鳍的中心约略裸露的当成鱼时, 下面平滑的除了多刺的前缘; 通常 9-13 刺眼的内缘的周围形成完整的一列, 与在后颈或肩部上的一个刺的大三角形; 在中线的两边上的二平行的列强的刺沿着尾部; 上表皮黄土色到淡的灰褐色的在每个胸鳍的中央中具有一个大的圆黑眼班, 腹面白色的 (参考文献 3167)
Feed on all kinds of bottom animals (Ref. 3167). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 5.0-7.0 cm long and 3.1-3.9 cm wide (Ref. 41250). Around 70-150 eggs are laid per individual annually (Ref. 41250).
捕食各种的底部动物。 (参考文献 3167) 卵生的。 明显的成对出现。 幼鱼可能倾向跟随大的个体, 例如他们的母亲.(参考文献 205) 卵为长方形鞘囊具有僵硬的触角沈积在沙滩或泥滩的角落.(参考文献 205) 卵鞘是 5.0-7.0 公分长与 3.1-3.9 公分宽的.(参考文献 41250) 大约 70-150个卵每年每个体生产。 (参考文献 41250)
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).東大西洋: Kattegat(參考文獻 3167) 與北海, 英國，愛爾蘭與地中海到摩洛哥與塞內加爾的周圍。
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.2 - 16.7, mean 10.5 °C (based on 1278 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00245 (0.00211 - 0.00285), b=3.22 (3.18 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.11-0.16; tm=8-9; tmax=28; Fec<100).
Prior r = 0.41, 95% CL = 0.27 - 0.61, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 14 [2, 254] mg/100g; Iron = 0.805 [0.076, 9.895] mg/100g; Protein = 16.4 [14.4, 18.5] %; Omega3 = 0.488 [0.206, 1.165] g/100g; Selenium = 28.6 [5.5, 148.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.99 [0.73, 103.53] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.415 [0.024, 4.858] mg/100g (wet weight);
