Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري قاعية التغذية و المعيشة; نطاق العمق 50 - 480 m (Ref. 33352), usually 50 - 250 m (Ref. 10985). Subtropical; 61°N - 51°S, 99°E - 149°E
Circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas.
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.5 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 26350); common length : 26.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 47377)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 7 - 9; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 8 - 9. Body without prickles (Ref. 559). Brownish above, white below; occasionally with dark spots on flanks (Ref. 4919). Tip of or all lower ray of the caudal white.
Inhabit sandy, muddy and rocky bottoms (Ref. 2683). Young are pelagic (Ref. 7251). Feed mainly on squid. In southeast Brazil captured between 50 and 145 m (Ref. 47377).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Schneider, W., 1990. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO. 268 p. (Ref. 2683)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.9 - 27.5, mean 19.4 °C (based on 1869 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02692 (0.01716 - 0.04221), b=2.84 (2.71 - 2.97), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.73 se; based on food items.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 45.3 [18.9, 120.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.907 [0.404, 2.246] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.4, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.351 [0.170, 0.724] g/100g; Selenium = 41.8 [17.4, 103.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20 [5, 85] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.535 [0.350, 0.845] mg/100g (wet weight);
