Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien benthopelagisch; oceanodroom (Ref. 51243); diepte 10 - 476 m (Ref. 39327), usually 10 - 100 m (Ref. 2700). Subtropical
Circumglobal: tropical to temperate seas.
Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 61.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 2850); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 3.2 kg (Ref. 40637)
Dorsale stekels (totaal) : 0; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal) : 13 - 16; Anale stekels: 0; Anale zachte stralen: 11 - 13. Adults dark green, brownish grey, or blue above, white below; juveniles with about 9 bars on back, from eye to dorsal fin; dark spots on front and middle of belly and on side near pectoral base in specimens less than 33 cm (Ref. 4919).
Primarily an oceanic (Ref. 2850, 2683), pelagic species but may enter estuaries (Ref. 4919). Feeds on crustaceans and squids (Ref. 10001). Suspected responsible for fatal poisoning (Ref. 4919). Should not be eaten (Ref. 36731).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturities | Voortplanting | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven
Schneider, W., 1990. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO. 268 p. (Ref. 2683)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel; sportvis: ja
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Internetbronnen
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14 - 28.9, mean 26.1 °C (based on 5858 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00616 - 0.02045), b=2.91 (2.76 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.40 se; based on food items.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 41 [14, 94] mg/100g; Iron = 0.904 [0.498, 2.058] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [16, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.406 [0.186, 0.815] g/100g; Selenium = 44.2 [23.0, 98.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22 [8, 61] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.628 [0.430, 0.889] mg/100g (wet weight);
