Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; payau dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 1 - 20 m (Ref. 36453). Tropical; 30°N - 44°S, 98°W - 26°W
Western Atlantic: Florida, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to northern Argentina.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 11.1 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 33.1 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 80009); common length : 17.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 29.50 g (Ref. 118626)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 52 - 58; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 39 - 44.
Adults occur mainly in brackish or hyper-saline lagoons (Ref. 5217), on sandy-muddy bottoms of estuaries and in the littoral zone where it hides itself leaving just its eyes out. Can easily disguise itself in the environment. Feed on worms, crustaceans and small fishes. Juveniles have a brief planktonic life, moving quickly to the benthic stage. Growth rate is relatively slow (Ref. 35237).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Akuarium: Komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.5 - 28.1, mean 27.2 °C (based on 937 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.01041 - 0.01523), b=3.12 (3.07 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (23 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 53.8 [21.4, 115.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.512 [0.236, 0.922] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.1, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.0771 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 25.4 [13.0, 52.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 59.2 [15.1, 241.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.22 [0.79, 1.79] mg/100g (wet weight);
