Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; مياه مخلوطة قاعية التغذية و المعيشة; نطاق العمق 0 - 55 m (Ref. 26912). Subtropical; 46°N - 45°S, 98°W - 16°W
Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada through most of the West Indies; along coasts of Gulf of Mexico and South America (Ref. 26938) to Mar del Plata, Argentina. Absent from the Bahamas (Ref. 26938). Replaced by Selene dorsalis in the eastern Atlantic. These two species have not been adequately studied and may prove to be conspecific. Known to occur in Mauritania (Ref. 5377).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 20.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 26340); common length : 25.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5217); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 4.6 kg (Ref. 26340)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 9; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 21; شوكة شرجية: 3; أشعه شرجية لينه: 17. Pelvic fin small (Ref. 13608). A very deep-bodied, short and strongly compressed fish. Facial profile nearly vertical and concave. Pelvic fin very short (Ref. 26938).
Adults usually found near the bottom from inshore waters to at least 54 m depth, but may form schools near the surface (Ref. 5217). Juveniles are found on muddy bottoms brackish estuaries and in coastal marine waters (Ref. 5217). Adults feed on small fishes and crustaceans. Good food fish and marketed fresh.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | التكاثر | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
خطر للأنسان
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: ذو قيمة تاجرية عالية; حوض مائي: احواض مائية عامة
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12 - 27.9, mean 24.4 °C (based on 656 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.01144 - 0.01451), b=2.95 (2.92 - 2.98), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.52 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (tmax=4.5; assuming tm=2-3).
Prior r = 0.54, 95% CL = 0.36 - 0.81, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 72.3 [42.4, 149.2] mg/100g; Iron = 1.18 [0.66, 2.21] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.6, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.381 [0.226, 0.665] g/100g; Selenium = 30 [16, 56] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.4 [3.0, 26.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.828 [0.587, 1.182] mg/100g (wet weight);
