Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
экология
морской батидемерсальный; пределы глубины 13 - 384 m (Ref. 2850). Deep-water; 36°N -
Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Isla Lobos de Tierra, Peru and the Galapagos Islands. Rare north of central Baja California, Mexico (Ref. 2850).
Size / Вес / Возраст
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 32.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 9353)
Found on bottom. Feeds mainly on other fishes. Young are pelagic and eaten by large predatory fishes such as tunas. Spine above pectoral fin probably slightly venomous.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | размножение | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | личинки
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435)
Угроза для людей
Venomous
Использование человеком
рыболовство: коммерческий; аквариум: коммерческий
дополнительная информация
инструменты
Специальные отчеты
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ресурсы в Интернет
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 10.8 - 19.5, mean 14.5 °C (based on 96 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01738 (0.00949 - 0.03182), b=3.07 (2.90 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.71 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref.
120179): средний (среднего размера), минимальное время удвоения популяции 1.4-4.4 года (K=0.32; tm=2-3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).