分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Specimens mentioned by Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes (1850: 211) and Bertin (1948: 26) are not types, only historical, all collected after original description by Cuvier (1818). See Boujard, Sabatier, Rojas-Beltran, Prevost & Renno (1990) for details on foods habits. See Lecomte, Boujard, Meunier, Renno and Rojas Beltarn (1993) for details on growth biology. Synonymy above is based on personal observation and examination of types.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性. 熱帶
South America: Amazon River basin, north and east Guiana Shield rivers.
南美洲: 亞馬遜河流域, 北方與東的圭亞那遮蔽河。
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.7 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 111518); 最大体重: 5.0 kg (Ref. ); 最大体重: 5.0 kg
Occurs along the calm banks of main rivers and also near the rapids. During the rainy season when growth is maximal, it feeds on fruits and consumes the seeds of palm trees like Euterpa oleracea, Taralea oppositifolia, Mauritia flexuosa and other plants like Inga sp. and Psidium sp. which they crush with their strong jaws. During the dry season, their diet consists more of aquatic plants like Mourea fluviatilis and Apinagia richardiana and gastropods and fish (Ref. 12225). Its flesh is excellent but it is preferable not to consume it at the end of the rainy season because then its flesh is very high in fat (Ref. 27188).
生存沿着主要河川的平静浅堆以及在急流的附近。 在雨季的时候，当成长是最大的时候，它吃果实而且消费棕榈树的种子例如 Euterpa oleracea ， Taralea oppositifolia, Mauritia flexuosa 与其他的植物例如 Inga sp. 与他们以他们的强颚粉碎的 Psidium sp.。 在乾季的时候，他们的食性组成更多个水生植物例如 Mourea fluviatilis 与 Apinagia richardiana 与腹足动物与鱼.(参考文献 12225) 它的肉是优良的，但是不在雨季结束的时候因为之后它的肉消费它是较好的是脂肪含量很高.(参考文献 27188)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Distinct pairing during copulation (Ref. 205).南美洲: 亞馬遜河流域, 北方與東的圭亞那遮蔽河。
Planquette, P., P. Keith and P.-Y. Le Bail, 1996. Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane. Tome 1. Collection du Patrimoine Naturel Volume 22, MNHN, Paris & INRA, Paris. 429 p. (Ref. 12225)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
人类利用
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特别资料
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02089 (0.01162 - 0.03757), b=2.97 (2.81 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.6 ±0.23 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=5; k=0.44).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
