Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845)
Bighead carp
分類 / 名稱 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei > Cypriniformes (Carps) > Xenocyprididae (East Asian minnows)
Etymology: Hypophthalmichthys: Greek, hypo = under + Greek, ophthalmos = eye + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335); nobilis: nobilis, meaning noble (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Richardson.
Etymology: Hypophthalmichthys: Greek, hypo = under + Greek, ophthalmos = eye + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335); nobilis: nobilis, meaning noble (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Richardson.
環境： 環境 / 氣候帶 / 深度上下限 / 配送範圍 生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 126106); 深度上下限 0 - ? m (Ref. 59043). 溫帶; 1°C - 38°C (Ref. 120904); 34°N - 21°N, 101°E - 123°E (Ref. 121042)
分布 領土 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | 分布圖 | 簡介 | Faunafri
Asia: China. Introduced to numerous countries and has achieved a near global distribution. However, its breeding requirements are very specialized and stocks are maintained by artificial reproduction or continuous importation. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction (Ref. 1739). Often confused with Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Ref. 59043).
亞洲: 中國。 引進了很多的國家而且已經達成一個接近全球的分布。 然而，它的繁殖需求非常被特殊化，而且分枝是藉著人工繁殖或不斷的輸入維持。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
亞洲: 中國。 引進了很多的國家而且已經達成一個接近全球的分布。 然而，它的繁殖需求非常被特殊化，而且分枝是藉著人工繁殖或不斷的輸入維持。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
初熟時的長度 / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 64.2, range 55 - 70 cm
Max length : 146 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2059); 最大體重: 40.0 kg (Ref. 59043); 最大年齡: 20 年 (Ref. 59043)
Max length : 146 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 60.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2059); 最大體重: 40.0 kg (Ref. 59043); 最大年齡: 20 年 (Ref. 59043)
簡短描述 檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 3; 背的軟條 (總數) : 7; 臀棘: 1 - 3; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 14. Body with numerous scattered small black blotches. Keels extend from pelvic base to anus. Barbels absent. Posterior margin of last simple dorsal ray not serrated. Branched anal rays 13-14.5 (Ref. 13274). Differs from Hypophthalmichthys molitrix by having scaled keel from pelvic to anal, 240-300 long gill rakes, head length 27-35% SL, dark overall coloration, flank with dark, large, very irregularly shaped blotches, fin bases and inferior parts of head and belly yellowish (Ref. 59043).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
身體有很多的分散小黑色的斑塊。 龍骨脊從腹鰭基底到肛門延伸。 觸鬚不存在。 最後單一的背鰭鰭條的後緣不鋸齒狀的。 分枝的臀鰭鰭條 13-14.5.(參考文獻 13274)
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
身體有很多的分散小黑色的斑塊。 龍骨脊從腹鰭基底到肛門延伸。 觸鬚不存在。 最後單一的背鰭鰭條的後緣不鋸齒狀的。 分枝的臀鰭鰭條 13-14.5.(參考文獻 13274)
Adults occur in rivers with marked water-level fluctuations, overwinters in middle and lower stretches. As bottom feeders (Ref. 6459), they feed in shallow (0.5-1.5 m deep) and warm (over 24°C) backwaters, lakes and flooded areas with slow current on zooplankton and algae (Ref. 59043) throughout its life under natural conditions (Ref. 120904). Breeding ocurrs in very deep, very turbid and warm water above 18°C (usually 22-30°C), with high current (1.1-1.9 m/s) and high oxygen concentrations. Stocked to large rivers and almost all still water bodies as lakes and ponds. In aquaculture, adults can survive brackish water (up to 7 ppt) when released into estuaries and coastal lakes. They undertake long distance upriver migration at start of a rapid flood and water-level increase (in April-July depending on locality). Spawning occurs in upper water layer or even at surface during floods. Spawning ceases if conditions change and resumes again when water level increases. After spawning, adults migrate for foraging habitats, Larvae drift downstream and settle in floodplain lakes, shallow shores and backwaters with little or no current. During autumn-winter, when temperature drops to 10°C, juveniles and adults form separate large schools and migrate downstream to deeper places in main course of river to overwinter (Ref. 59043). Marketed fresh and frozen.
出現於河川與湖泊。 主要吃浮游動物。 底部攝取食物的魚。 (參考文獻 6459) 在市場上銷售生鮮和冷凍。
出現於河川與湖泊。 主要吃浮游動物。 底部攝取食物的魚。 (參考文獻 6459) 在市場上銷售生鮮和冷凍。
生命週期和交配行為 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Produces up to 100,000 eggs (Ref. 2059). Eggs are yellowish, transparent, and hatch after about 2 days at temperatures around 25°C while drifting downstream in the deep open-water layer (Ref. 59043). 亞洲: 中國。 引進了很多的國家而且已經達成一個接近全球的分布。 然而，它的繁殖需求非常被特殊化，而且分枝是藉著人工繁殖或不斷的輸入維持。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
主要參考資料
上傳您的推薦信 | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者
Kottelat, M., 2001. Freshwater fishes of northern Vietnam. A preliminary check-list of the fishes known or expected to occur in northern Vietnam with comments on systematics and nomenclature. Environment and Social Development Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region. The World Bank. 123 p. (Ref. 44416)
CITES
Not Evaluated
對人類具威脅
潛能有害之物
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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網路資源
AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | Websites from users | 檢查 FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: 屬, 種 | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - 水產養殖系統: 產生, 魚種描繪; 漁業: 著陸; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | 國家資料庫 | OneZoom | Open Tree of Life | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | TreeBase | 樹狀分類階層 | Wikipedia: 去, 搜尋 | World Records Freshwater Fishing | 動物學的記錄
基於模型的估計
系統發育多樣性指數 (參考文獻 82804): PD50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00977 (0.00842 - 0.01135), b=3.10 (3.06 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻 69278): 2.8 ±0.33 se; based on food items.
回復力 (參考文獻 120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=3-5; tmax=20; K=0.15-0.27; Fec=50,000-1 million).
營養素 (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 15.1 [5.5, 42.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.422 [0.206, 0.879] mg/100g; Protein = 17.1 [16.0, 18.3] %; Omega3 = 0.543 [0.287, 1.037] g/100g; Selenium = 14.3 [7.2, 28.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.6 [2.8, 41.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.271 [0.152, 0.501] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.