分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Esociformes (Pikes and mudminnows)
狗魚目 (Pikes and mudminnows) >
Esocidae (Pikes)
狗魚科 (Pikes)
Etymology: Esox: From Greek, isox and also related with the Celtic root, eog, ehawc = salmon (Ref. 45335); niger: niger meaning black (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Lesueur.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 居於水底的; pH range: ? - 22.0; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 ? - 6 m (Ref. 39106). 溫帶; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 46°N - 25°N
North America: Nova Scotia, Canada (introduced) to southern Florida, USA; Gulf coast west to Sabine Lake drainage in Louisiana, USA; Mississippi River basin north to Kentucky and Missouri, USA. Introduced to Lakes Ontario and Erie drainages and elsewhere.
北美洲: 加拿大的新斯科舍省 (引入) 到美國佛羅里達南部; 岸灣在美國路易斯安那州西至薩賓人的湖流域; 密西西比河流域北至肯塔基州與密蘇里，美國。 引進了湖安大略省與伊利湖流域與在別的地方。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 16 - ? cm
Max length : 99.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5723); common length : 41.9 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大體重: 4.3 kg (Ref. 4699); 最大年齡: 9 年 (Ref. 12193)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 17 - 21; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 11 - 13; 脊椎骨: 49 - 54. Body rather slender, somewhat compressed, deepest near middle. Head large, naked, and depressed above, profile slightly concave over snout; snout long, broad, and rounded; mouth large, nearly horizontal; lower jaw projecting; maxillary extending to, or slightly beyond anterior margin of pupil. Lateral teeth on lower jaw and vomer enlarged. Cheek and opercle fully scaled. Gill rakers on lateral and media surfaces of arches.
Pigmentation: Greenish above, sometimes very dark, venter pale; scales above with golden luster; laterally with light areas enclosed by dark chain-like markings; dark upper side interrupted by light vertical bars; suborbital bar almost vertical or with slight posterior slant; rays of dorsal, anal, pectorals, and pelvic fins with light interradial membranes, caudal fin base marbled with dark pigment, tips dusky; pupil of eye yellow.
身體相當細長, 略微扁長形的, 深的在中央的附近。 頭部大的﹐裸露的, 與扁平的在上面，輪廓些微地在吻之上凹曲; 吻長的﹐寬的, 而且圓的; 嘴大的, 幾乎水平; 下頜突出的; 上頜骨延伸至, 否則瞳孔的略超過前緣。 在下頜與犛骨上的側齒增大了。 頰與鰓蓋完全覆蓋著鱗片。 在側部與弓的媒體表面上的鰓耙。
顏色： 呈綠色的上方, 有時非常深色的, 腹部灰白的; 鱗片上方有金色的光彩; 側面地以被深色的像鏈一樣的斑紋隔絕的淡色區域; 深色的上側面藉著淡縱帶中斷; 眶下骨橫帶幾乎垂直或有輕微的在後部的傾斜; 背鰭、臀鰭，胸鰭的鰭條, 而且腹鰭有淡色的間輻膜 , 尾鰭基底的大理石花紋深色的, 頂端暗色的; 眼睛的瞳孔黃色。
Live in vegetated lakes, swamps, and backwaters and quiet pools of creeks and small to medium rivers (Ref. 26373). Also found in deep, cold water with little or no vegetation (Ref. 39109, 39108). Adults migrate to deeper water during winter (Ref. 39110, 39097, 39111) undertaking shoreward spawning migrations soon after spring ice disappears (Ref. 39109). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Juveniles tend to lie motionless near shore or burrow themselves in mud beneath debris (Ref. 39112). Larvae hide among vegetation (Ref. 39113). Oviparous, with pelagic eggs.
生活於小溪及小型到中型河川的長滿植物的湖泊，沼澤與滯水區與靜止的水潭。 (參考文獻 26373) 深地也發現於, 用少或沒有植物的寒冷水.(參考文獻 39109,39108) 成魚在冬天 (參考文獻 39110,39097,39111) 期間迴游到較深的水域進行向岸的生殖迴游在春天冰消失不久後.(參考文獻 39109) 卵生的.(參考文獻 205) 稚魚傾向位於不動的近岸或者在殘礫之下在泥中躲入洞穴.(參考文獻 39112) 仔魚藏在植物之中。 (參考文獻 39113) 卵生的,有大洋性的卵。
Oviparous (Ref. 205).北美洲: 加拿大的新斯科舍省 (引入) 到美國佛羅里達南部; 岸灣在美國路易斯安那州西至薩賓人的湖流域; 密西西比河流域北至肯塔基州與密蘇里，美國。 引進了湖安大略省與伊利湖流域與在別的地方。
Crossman, E.J., 1996. Taxonomy and distribution. p. 1-11. In J.F. Craig (ed.) Pike biology and exploration. Chapman and Hall, London. 298 p. (Ref. 26373)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 01 December 2011
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5157 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00259 - 0.00884), b=3.07 (2.91 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.46 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1-4; tmax=9; Fec=936).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
