分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Esociformes (Pikes and mudminnows) >
Umbridae (Mudminnows)
Etymology: Umbra: Latin, umbra, -ae = shadow, in the sense of phantom; due to its quick movements (Ref. 45335).
More on author: DeKay.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 居于水底的; pH range: 6.0 - 6.5; dH range: 3 - 8; 非迁移的. 溫帶; 4°C - 23°C (Ref. 1672); 42°N - 30°N
North America: Atlantic and Gulf slopes from southeastern New York (including Long Island) to St.Johns River drainage in Florida and west to Aucilla River drainage in Florida and Georgia, USA (Ref. 5723). Introduced (but very localized) to central and western Europe (Ref. 59043).
北美洲: 對聖的大西洋斜坡與海灣斜坡從東南方的紐約 (包括長的島)在佛羅里達的約翰河流域而且在佛羅里達與美國喬治亞州西至 Aucilla 河流域。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 3.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 13.7 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 88166); 15.0 cm TL (female)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 14 - 15; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 11. Body robust, thick, little compressed; head bluntly conic; snout short, equal to diameter of eye; mouth moderate, jaws short, mandible protrudes slightly beyond tip of upper jaw, premaxillaries not protractile. Gill rakers short and numerous. Dorsal inserted near pectoral than caudal base; pelvic inserted just before origin of dorsal , rays of depressed fin reaching to about 3rd anal ray. Caudal fin rounded, with 18-20 rays (Ref. 2196).
Pigmentation: yellowish green with 10-12 narrow lateral dark stripes; a dark stripe through eye; a black basicaudal bar; lower jaw pale; fins plain. Also Ref. 40476.
身体结实的，厚的，和小的扁长形的; 头部钝地圆锥的; 吻短,等于眼的直径; 嘴中等的, 颚短, 下颚伸出上颌的略超过顶端，不可伸出的前上颌骨。 鳃耙短与很多的。 背部的超过尾部的基底在胸鳍的附近插入; 腹鳍就在起源之前插入背部的 , 延伸到大约第三个臀鳍鳍条的扁平鳍的鳍条。 尾鳍圆形的, 与 18-20个鳍条.(参考文献 2196)
颜色： 淡黄绿色的具有 10-12 狭窄的侧面深色的斑纹; 经过眼的一条深色的斑纹; 一条黑色的基尾骨横带; 下颌灰白的; 鳍平原。 也参考文献 40476.
Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Inhabits quiet streams, sloughs, swamps and other wetlands over sand, mud and debris, often among dense vegetation. Juveniles also found among aquatic vegetation, often forming schools of 10-12 individuals (Ref. 39069). An introduced species in Europe which usually occurs in small isolated ponds and peat bogs (Ref. 59043). Oviparous, larvae remain in algal nest for about 6 days (Ref. 39067). Spawning takes place in April and May (Ref. 30578). Feeds on insect larvae, worms, mollusks, crustaceans alevins. Experimental studies show that this species can tolerate acidic environment, particularly, at ph values ranging from 4.0 to 7.0 where no mortality or significant changes in blood plasma osmolarity and haematocrit was observed (Ref. 59260).
出现在在沙子, 泥与残砾上的安静溪流，泥坑, 沼泽与其他的洼地, 常见于茂密的植物之中。 稚鱼也发现于中水生植物, 时常 10-12 的形成群体个体.(参考文献 39069) 卵生的, 仔鱼逗留在海藻的巢大约 6 天之久.(参考文献 39067) 产卵发生于四月与五月.(参考文献 30578) 捕食昆虫幼生，蠕虫，软件动物，甲壳动物刚孵化的小鱼。
北美洲: 對聖的大西洋斜坡與海灣斜坡從東南方的紐約 (包括長的島)在佛羅里達的約翰河流域而且在佛羅里達與美國喬治亞州西至 Aucilla 河流域。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723)
人类利用
渔业: 没有兴趣; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6329 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00504 - 0.02078), b=3.10 (2.91 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.39 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1.5-2; Ave. Fec=342).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
