分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays)
鰩目 (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
鰩科 (Skates)
Etymology: Leucoraja: Greek, leykos = white + Latin, raja = a fish, Raja sp. (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Mitchill.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 4 - 723 m (Ref. 106604). 溫帶; 51°N - 34°N, 79°W - 55°W (Ref. 55278)
Western Atlantic: Newfoundland Banks and southern Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to North Carolina, USA.
西大西洋: 在加拿大到美國北卡羅萊那州的紐芬蘭淺堆與聖勞倫斯灣南部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 74.5, range 73 - 76 cm
Max length : 113 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 106604); 最大年齡: 21 年 (Ref. 52109)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
Disk rounded, with many small dark spots on upper surface. Usually 1-4 ocelli on upper surface on each side of disk, each with a dark brownish center and pale edge. Young have long middorsal row of large spines on disk and tail. Upper jaw has 72 rows of teeth (Ref. 7251). Lower surface usually white but marked with irregular pale brownish blotches (Ref. 6902).
圓盤圓形的, 在上表皮上有許多小的深色斑點。 通常在圓盤的兩邊上的在上表皮上的 1 - 4 假眼斑, 每個具有深褐色的中心與灰白的邊緣。 幼魚在圓盤與尾部上有大棘的長背面中央列。 上頜有 72個列的齒。 (參考文獻 7251) 下表面通常白色的但是有顯著的不規則的淡褐色的斑塊.(參考文獻 6902)
Prefer sandy and gravelly bottoms in shoal water in the north range; to at least 90 m in south (Ref. 7251). Benthic (Ref. 5951). Those caught at Cans, Nova Scotia in Canada were found to have eaten dollarfish, cunner, and squid. Mostly inactive during daylight hours, but active under dark conditions (Ref. 10807). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 5.5-9.9 cm long and 3.5-5.3 cm wide (Ref. 41249, 7135, 71301).
Electric organ discharge (EOD) activity seemed more frequent during dark periods (Ref. 10808). The individual EOD of this species is monophasic, head-negative, and lasts 217 ms (Ref. 10011). This species is used only for the manufacture of fish meal.
在北方範圍中的淺水偏愛碎石與沙質底部; 在南方中的到至少 90 公尺.(參考文獻 7251) 底棲的.(參考文獻 5951) 那些捕獲於能, 加拿大的新斯科舍省被發現已經吃銀白色圓形的小魚，青鱸與烏賊。 大部份不活躍在白天的時候, 但是活躍的在深色的情況.(參考文獻 10807) 卵生的。 明顯的成對出現。 幼魚可能傾向跟隨大的個體, 例如他們的母親.(參考文獻 205) 卵為長方形鞘囊具有僵硬的觸角沈積在沙灘或泥灘的角落.(參考文獻 205) 卵鞘是 5.5-9.9 公分長與 3.5-5.3 公分寬的.(參考文獻 41249,7135,71301)
發電器放電 (EOD) 活動在黑暗的時候似乎更頻繁.(參考文獻 10808) 這種的個別 EOD 是單相的﹐帶負電的, 而且持續 217 ms 。 (參考文獻 10011) 這種只作為魚粉的產品。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 在加拿大到美國北卡羅萊那州的紐芬蘭淺堆與聖勞倫斯灣南部。
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bd); Date assessed: 19 June 2019
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 1.5 - 14.4, mean 7.9 °C (based on 130 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00263 (0.00232 - 0.00298), b=3.23 (3.20 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (tmax=20.8; tm=11-12; Fec assumed to be <100).
Prior r = 0.04, 95% CL = 0.02 - 0.05, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.8 [2.1, 52.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.305 [0.081, 0.865] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [14.8, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.877 [0.282, 3.251] g/100g; Selenium = 10.7 [2.7, 33.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.1 [4.1, 41.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.315 [0.151, 0.571] mg/100g (wet weight);
