分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Torpediniformes (Electric rays)
電鰩目 (Electric rays) >
Torpedinidae (Electric rays)
電 (Electric rays)
Etymology: More on author: Bonaparte.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 底中水層性; 海洋洄游的; 深度上下限 2 - 800 m (Ref. 35509), usually 10 - 150 m (Ref. 35388). 亞熱帶的; 60°N - 48°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 114953)
Circumglobal. Eastern Atlantic: Scotland (rare in North Sea) to Morocco, whole of Mediterranean, but not Black Sea; Cap Blanc in Mauritania to Gulf of Guinea, São Tomé Island; Walvis Bay, Namibia to Mossel Bay, South Africa (Ref. 5578). Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada south to Brazil (Ref. 26340). Eastern Indian Ocean: Australia (Ref. 114953). Southwest Pacific: New Zealand (Ref. 114953).
東大西洋: 蘇格蘭 (稀有的在北海) 到摩洛哥，地中海的全部, 但是不是黑色的海洋; 在茅利塔尼亞到幾內亞灣的白鼻角, 聖多美島; 那米比亞的 Walvis 灣到南非的 Mossel 海灣.(參考文獻 5578) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省南至巴西。 (參考文獻 26340)
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 180 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2803); common length : 40.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大體重: 90.0 kg (Ref. 7251)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
Large ray with a huge, paddle-shaped caudal fin and with no papillae around spiracles. Shiny black or dark grey above, underside white (Ref. 5578). Broad subcircular disc, short snout anterior to the eyes. Smooth skin, short thick tail (Ref. 6902). Dark chocolate to purplish brown above, without spots, white below, but with edges of disc and pelvic fins of same hue as upper surface, tail with irregular dark margins (Ref. 6902).
大型魟魚具有一個極大又槳狀的尾鰭而且呼吸孔的周圍沒有乳突。 背面亮黑色或暗灰色的, 腹面白色的.(參考文獻 5578) 寬的子圓形的體盤 , 短吻位於眼前。 平滑的皮膚, 短的厚尾部.(參考文獻 6902) 深褐色對紫褐色的上方, 沒有斑點, 腹面白色的, 但是有體盤與腹鰭的邊緣顏色與上表皮相同, 尾部有不規則的黑邊.(參考文獻 6902)
Juveniles benthic over soft bottoms or near coral reefs (Ref. 12951) from 10-150 m; adults are semi-pelagic to pelagic, swimming in the water column and have been reported to migrate over long distances (Ref. 2803). Found on insular slopes to at least 925 m depth (Ref. 114953). Feeds mainly on pelagic and benthic bony fishes and small sharks (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Produces litters of up to 60 pups. In South Pacific region, males reaches maturity at ca. 60 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Packs a powerful electric shock of up to 220 volts (Ref. 9710).
稚魚底棲於軟質底部之上或在來自 10- 的珊瑚礁 (參考文獻 12951)150 公尺的附近; 成魚對大洋性是半大洋性, 在水團中游泳而且曾經報告長距離上移動.(參考文獻 2803) 主要吃大洋性與底棲的硬骨魚類與小的鯊魚。 (參考文獻 5578) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 包裝一個向上到的有力電擊 220 伏特。 (參考文獻 9710)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With up to 60 in a litter. Gestation period one year (Ref. 12951). Size at birth about 23 cm (Ref. 12951).東大西洋: 蘇格蘭 (稀有的在北海) 到摩洛哥，地中海的全部, 但是不是黑色的海洋; 在茅利塔尼亞到幾內亞灣的白鼻角, 聖多美島; 那米比亞的 Walvis 灣到南非的 Mossel 海灣.(參考文獻 5578) 西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省南至巴西。 (參考文獻 26340)
Stehmann, M. and D.L. Bürkel, 1984. Torpedinidae. p. 159-162. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. (Ref. 2803)
人類使用
漁業: 沒有興趣
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.3 - 27.5, mean 13.9 °C (based on 3020 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.01026 - 0.01858), b=2.99 (2.91 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec=60;).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 4.55 [0.56, 83.64] mg/100g; Iron = 0.469 [0.043, 5.703] mg/100g; Protein = 16.5 [12.3, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.287 [0.104, 0.796] g/100g; Selenium = 43.8 [7.7, 218.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.9 [0.8, 145.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.386 [0.021, 4.499] mg/100g (wet weight);
