Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
ນິເວດວິທະຍາ
ສັດທະເລ; ນ້ຳຈືດ; ນ້ຳກ່ອຍ ອາໄສຢູ່ໃກ້ໜ້າດິນໃຕ້ພື້ນທ້ອງນ້ຳ; ປາທີ່ມີການເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍຈາກທະເລ ແລະ ໄປໄຂ່ຢູ່ນ້ຳຈືດ (Ref. 51243); ລະດັບຄວາມເລິກ 10 - 40 m (Ref. 93286). Temperate; 46°N - 37°N, 10°E - 20°E
Europe: Adriatic Sea and its tributaries between Po (Italy) and Buna (Albania) drainages. Recorded from Corfu; present in lowermost part of Adriatic rivers from Soca to Drin. Records from Tyrrhenian slope of Italy, Spain and France are erroneous.
ຂະໜາດ / ນ້ຳໜັກ / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL ຕົວຜູ້/ບໍ່ມີເພດ; (Ref. 3397); ນ້ຳໜັກສູງສຸດທີ່ເຄຍຈັດພີມມາ: 25.0 kg (Ref. 3193)
ຄີ (ໜາມ)ແຂງຢູ່ຫຼັງປາ (ທັງໝົດ) : 0; ຄີຫຼັງຂອງປາ (ຄີອ່ອນ) (ທັງໝົດ) : 36 - 48; ຄີກົ້ນຂອງປາ: 24 - 31. Snout moderate, very broad and rounded at tip. Lower lip continuous, interrupted at center. Barbels nearer to tip of snout than to mouth and not touching it. Five rows of scutes, dorsal 10-14 (the middle ones deeper and usually larger than those at front), lateral 32-42 on each side, ventral 8-11 on each side, with no smaller plates between dorsal and lateral rows. Back is olivaceous brown, flanks lighter, belly white.
Occurs in the sea close to shore and estuaries, not entering pure marine waters. In freshwater, it inhabits large deep rivers (Ref. 59043). A long-lived species which is found mainly over sand and mud. Feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and small fishes. Reproduction takes place from May to July. Is threatened by habitat destruction, pollution and overfishing (Ref. 26100). The flesh is used for food (Ref. 6866) and eggs used for caviar production (Ref. 128183).
Enters rivers from March to May, and presumably spawns then.
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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ແຫຼ່ງອີນເຕີເນັດ
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.7 - 18.2, mean 17.4 °C (based on 12 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00324 (0.00142 - 0.00736), b=3.17 (2.99 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
ຊັ້ນເຂດຮ້ອນ (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
ຄວາມຢືດຢຸ່ນ (Ref.
120179): ຕຳ່ຫຼາຍ, ປະຊາກອນຕຳ່ສຸດທີ່ໃຊ້ເວລາສອງເທົ່າຫຼາຍກວ່າ 14 ປີ (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.9 [10.0, 29.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.256 [0.156, 0.410] mg/100g; Protein = 17.5 [14.9, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.33 [0.18, 0.59] g/100g; Selenium = 18.3 [9.3, 35.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.4 [2.3, 17.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.53 [0.38, 0.73] mg/100g (wet weight);
