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> Cypriniformes (Carps) > Leuciscidae (Minnows) > Leuciscinae
Etymology: More on author: Pallas.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologie

; zoet water; brak water benthopelagisch. Temperate; 10°C - 25°C (Ref. 13614); 65°N - 45°N, 12°E - 69°E

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Europe and Asia: large rivers draining to Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral Seas. Introduced or native to Northern Dvina drainage (White Sea basin) where it is presently spreading from warmer upper reaches (Vychegda system) northward. Introduced in River Volkhov (a tributary of Lake Ladoga), in Rhine in 1995 and invasive in Vistula drainage, coming from Black Sea basin through Prypet-Bug canal (connecting Dniepr and Vistula drainages).

Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 35.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 27368); common length : 15.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 556)

Korte beschrijving Determinatiesleutels | Morfologie | Morfometrie

Differs from Ballerus ballerus by having small and inferior mouth, 47-54 scales on lateral line, and large eye, about equal to snout length (Ref. 59043).

Occurs in fast flowing rivers. Eastern, brackish populations enter the lower reach of rivers for spawning (Ref. 1441). Inhabit large lowland rivers and estuaries. Active at night. Prey on benthic invertebrates. Semi-anadromous populations forage in large brackish-water habitats in estuaries around Black Sea. Spawn in large aggregations in fast-flowing water on gravel bottom or submerged vegetation. Usually rare and threatened due to water pollution (Ref. 59043).

Levenscyclus en paargedrag Maturities | Voortplanting | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven

Spawn in large aggregations in fast flowing water on gravel bottom or submerged vegetation. Semi-anadromous individuals begin spawning migration in November in Kura (Ref. 59043). Sticky eggs attach themselves to stones or plants (Ref. 9953).

Hoofdreferentie Upload your references | Referenties | Coördinator | Medewerkers

Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)

Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Niet bedreigd (LC) ; Date assessed: 01 January 2008

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Gevaar voor de mens

Harmless

Gebruik door de mens

Visserij: visserij voor eigen gebruik

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00955 (0.00558 - 0.01634), b=3.10 (2.96 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278): 2.9 ±0.1 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Generation time: 12.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2 growth studies.

Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (tm=4).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).

Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Ballerus sapa (Pallas, 1814)