分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)
鬚鯊目 (Carpet sharks) >
Rhincodontidae (Whale shark)
鯨鮫科 (Whale shark)
Etymology: Rhincodon: rhinc, presumably a typographical error for rhine (Gr.), rasp, but often mistranslated as rhynchos (Gr.), snout; odon, tooth, referring to small, slightly curved teeth, “placed in longitudinal rows, and altogether so disposed towards the anterior edges of jaws as to exhibit the resemblance of a rasp or file lying across each”. (See ETYFish); typus: Serving as type species of the genus. (See ETYFish).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 1928 m (Ref. 106604), usually 0 - 100 m (Ref. 89972). 亞熱帶的; 18°C - 30°C (Ref. 35465); 45°N - 48°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal, all tropical and warm temperate seas except the Mediterranean.
沿著赤道與溫暖的海洋環球分佈。 西大西洋: 美國的紐約州經過加勒比海到巴西中部。 東大西洋: 塞內加爾到幾內亞灣; 聖保羅岩礁.(參考文獻 13121) 印度洋: 在區域各處, 包括紅海與波斯灣。 西太平洋: 日本到澳洲與夏威夷。 東太平洋: 美國加州到智利。 在 1999 年對於野獸的迴游種的保護在波昂大會的附錄 2 中鑑定為保育狀態不佳的魚種之一了。 被歸類為一個高度遷移的種, 在 1982 年國際海洋法公約 ( UNCLOS) 的附件一被稱為 '協調管理與評估到更了解漁業努力對被分享的族群的狀態的累積衝擊' 這些鯊魚.(參考文獻 26139) 包括在在野生動植物 ( 引用) 的瀕臨絕種的物種的國際間的買賣上的大會的附錄 2 自 2003 年五月以後它規範這種的國際貿易中了。 這能部份地推行聯合國糧農組織國際性組織鯊魚的保育與管理行動計畫的最初目的。 (IPOA-鯊魚) 然而，國際的貿易仍然存在。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 500.0, range 440 - 560 cm
Max length : 1,700 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 48722); 2,000.0 cm TL (female); common length : 1,000 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12757); 最大體重: 34.0 t (Ref. 48722); 最大年齡: 80 年 (Ref. 116781)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. A huge, filter-feeding, blunt-headed shark with a distinct checkerboard pattern of yellow or white spots, on grey, bluish or blue-grey to green-brown back, white or yellowish underside, with horizontal and vertical stripes on back and sides of body; head broad and flat; snout short; mouth almost terminal, huge and transverse in front of eyes; prominent ridges on body, lowest terminating in a keel on caudal peduncle (Ref. 58085, 114967); nostrils with rudimentary barbels; long nasoral grooves; spiracles close to and larger than eyes; 5 exceptionally large gill openings, the fifth behind pectoral fin (Ref. 110893, 114967); numerous small, scale-like teeth and feeds by filtering plankton with special sieve-like modifications of the gill bars (Ref. 26938).
極大, 頭鈍的鯊魚有一口部端位且一個淡色的斑點突出棋盤格圖案, 在深色的背景上的水平與垂直的斑紋.(參考文獻 247,5578) 尾鰭新月形的, 具有一個強韌的下葉但是沒有接近端位的凹槽.(參考文獻 13575) 用鰓橫帶的特別篩狀變異它有小又像鱗片一樣的齒而且濾食浮游生物。 (參考文獻 26938)
World's largest fish, but is harmless to humans (Ref. 6871). Grows up to 20m (Ref. 48722). Often seen offshore but coming close inshore, sometimes entering lagoons or coral atolls (Ref. 247). Sometimes seen cruising near outer wall (Ref. 26938). Reported to frequent shallow water areas near estuaries and river mouths, sometimes during seasonal shrimp blooms (Ref. 48696). Found singly, or in aggregations of over 100 individuals (Ref. 5578). Often associated with groups of pelagic fishes, especially scombrids (Ref. 247). Highly migratory between ocean basins and national jurisdictions, but returns to the same sites annually (Ref. 48672). Feed on planktonic and nektonic prey, such as small fishes (sardines, anchovies, mackerel, juvenile tunas and albacore), small crustaceans and squids (Ref. 247). Often seen in a vertical position with the head at or near the surface when feeding (Ref. 13571). When actively feeding on zooplankton the sharks turn their heads from side to side, with part of the head lifted out of the water, and the mouth opened and closed 7-28 times per minute; these suction gulps were synchronized with the opening and closing of the gill slits (Ref. 35680). Ovoviviparous, with litter size of over 300 pups (Ref. 37816, 43278). Females of 438 to 562 cm are immature (FIGIS 09/2003). Utilized fresh, frozen, dried and salted for human consumption, liver processed for oil, fins used for shark-fin soup, offal probably for fishmeal (Ref. 13571), cartilage for health supplements and skin for leather products (Ref. 48723). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Highly valued commodity in ecotourism operations. Populations have been depleted in several countries by harpoon fisheries (Ref. 48696). Estimated longevity of 80.4 yrs is much larger than reported maximum age 38 yrs based on vertebral bands for a female of 11.9 m TL. Maximum length of up to 21 m and weight of up to 42 tons have been reported (Ref. 116781), but probably the most reliably measured size so far is 12 m TL (Ref. 26319).
表層帶.(參考文獻 58302) 世界最大的魚, 是無害處的對人類.(參考文獻 6871) 標本很少超過 12 公尺。 常見於外海但是接近近岸帶, 有時進入潟湖或珊瑚環礁.(參考文獻 247) 有時見到在礁壁外緣的附近巡游.(參考文獻 26938) 報告常常聚集於在河口與河口附近的淺水區區域, 有時在季節性的蝦潮的時候。 (參考文獻 48696) 各別地發現, 或聚集超過 100個個體.(參考文獻 5578) 時常伴隨著群體的大洋性的魚, 尤其鯖科魚類.(參考文獻 247) 高度遷移的在海洋流域與國家的司法權之間, 但是每年回到相同的位置.(參考文獻 48672) 以標記與染色體研究為依據, 雄性傾向做長途迴游，雌性移動總是去的只有短的距離游回他們的出生的最初地方.(參考文獻 48696) 吃浮游性和自游性獵物，例如小魚 (沙丁魚，鯷魚，鯖，稚魚鮪魚與巴鰹魚) ，小型甲殼動物與烏賊。 (參考文獻 247) 時常出現頭部在水面上或靠近水面的垂直姿勢當進食.(參考文獻 13571) 當活躍地捕食浮游動物鯊魚左右擺動頭部, 部份的頭部舉起而離開水面.，而且嘴巴張開和閉合 7-28.次每分鐘; 這些吸入和吞嚥是同步鰓裂的張合。 (參考文獻 35680) 卵胎生的, 窩卵數目是超過 300個幼胎.(參考文獻 37816) 438 到 562 公分的雌性是不成熟的 (FIGIS 09/2003) 。 生鮮使用，冷凍 , 乾燥而鹽醃的供人類消費, 肝臟製成魚油，鰭可能用來.魚翅湯，碎肉用於魚粉 (參考文獻 13571) ，軟骨組織用於健康補品與皮膚用於皮革製品。 (參考文獻 48723) 被用於中藥材.。 (參考文獻 12166) 高度地評價.生態旅遊手術的日用品。 族群曾經在魚叉捕魚的一些國家耗損。 (參考文獻 48696)
Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 35465). Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Late term embryos shed their egg case within the uterus at a size of 58 to 64 cm TL (ovovivipary). The smallest free-living species are from 55-56 cm long, the smallest of which had an umbilical scar. A pregnant female has recently been found with 300 embryos, the largest of which were 58-64 cm (Refs. 26346, 35678).沿著赤道與溫暖的海洋環球分佈。 西大西洋: 美國的紐約州經過加勒比海到巴西中部。 東大西洋: 塞內加爾到幾內亞灣; 聖保羅岩礁.(參考文獻 13121) 印度洋: 在區域各處, 包括紅海與波斯灣。 西太平洋: 日本到澳洲與夏威夷。 東太平洋: 美國加州到智利。 在 1999 年對於野獸的迴游種的保護在波昂大會的附錄 2 中鑑定為保育狀態不佳的魚種之一了。 被歸類為一個高度遷移的種, 在 1982 年國際海洋法公約 ( UNCLOS) 的附件一被稱為 '協調管理與評估到更了解漁業努力對被分享的族群的狀態的累積衝擊' 這些鯊魚.(參考文獻 26139) 包括在在野生動植物 ( 引用) 的瀕臨絕種的物種的國際間的買賣上的大會的附錄 2 自 2003 年五月以後它規範這種的國際貿易中了。 這能部份地推行聯合國糧農組織國際性組織鯊魚的保育與管理行動計畫的最初目的。 (IPOA-鯊魚) 然而，國際的貿易仍然存在。
Colman, J.G., 1997. A review of the biology and ecology of the whale shark. J. Fish Biol. 51(6):1219-1234. (Ref. 26319)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bd+4bd); Date assessed: 18 March 2016
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.6 - 29, mean 27.3 °C (based on 5510 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (K=0.02; Fec=16-300).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (87 of 100).
