Chondrostei >
Acipenseriformes (Sturgeons and paddlefishes)
鱘形目 (Sturgeons and paddlefishes) >
Acipenseridae (Sturgeons)
鱘科 (Sturgeons) > Acipenserinae
Etymology: Acipenser: Latin, acipenser = sturgeon, 1853 (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; pH range: 7.5 - ? ; dH range: 10 - 20; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 4 - 93 m (Ref. 51346), usually 5 - 60 m (Ref. 26160). 溫帶; 10°C - 18°C (Ref. 2059); 71°N - 34°N, 25°W - 42°E (Ref. 59043)
Eastern Atlantic: the only remaining spawning population occurs in the Garonne drainage in France (Ref. 59043, 89072). Used to range from Norway to the Bay of Biscay, including the North Sea, European coasts of Atlantic, northern Mediterranean eastward to Rhodos, western and southern Black Sea; occasionally recorded from the White Sea, Iceland, Morocco and Algeria. Anadromous, in most large rivers, but not recorded from Danube upriver of delta. Recent DNA studies using museum specimens revealed that this species co-exists with A. naccarii from the Adriatic Sea to the Iberian Peninsula (Ref. 52173). Several DNA sequence differences were found between individuals of the species from the Gironde River population and from the North and Baltic Seas showing that different populations of A. sturio are genetically divergent (Ref. 82476).
東大西洋: 只在法國的法國革命時期的穩健共和黨-Garonne-Dordogne 的流域中而且在喬治亞州只在 Rioni 流域中。 (參考文獻 26160) 在它的海洋的時候，階段分佈於從比斯開灣到斯堪的那維亞半島的東北大西洋海洋了, 地中海，摩洛哥與黑海 (參考文獻 3397, 參考文獻 26160, 參考文獻 51346) 的北海岸記錄來自冰島了。 (參考文獻 12462) 先前廣泛地沿著所有的歐洲海岸分佈。 (參考文獻 26334, 參考文獻 51439) 伯恩公約的附錄 3(受保育的動物群). 國際間的買賣禁止 ( 引用 I, 自從 29.7.83 以後; 公分 附錄 2). 發現於阿尼加湖與拉多加湖了。 (參考文獻 42845) 使用博物館標本的最近染色體研究揭露了這一個種共以來自亞得里亞海海洋到伊伯利亞半島的 A. naccarii 存在。 (參考文獻 52173)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 165 - ? cm
Max length : 600 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 125 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大體重: 400.0 kg (Ref. 556); 最大體重: 400.0 kg; 最大年齡: 100 年 (Ref. 556)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 30 - 44; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 23 - 30. Body elongated, pentagonal section (Ref. 51442). Snout moderate with tip narrow and pointed (Ref. 3397), mouth inferior (Ref. 59043). Lower lip not continuous, interrupted at center (Ref. 3397). Four barbels halfway between snout tip and mouth but not reaching the latter (Ref. 3397, Ref. 51442). No scales, but 5 rows of scutes on the body: dorsal 9-16, lateral 24-39 on each side, ventral 9-14 on each side, with dense cross-lines of smaller rhombic plates between the dorsal and lateral rows (Ref. 2196, Ref. 3397, Ref. 40476, Ref. 51442). Dorsal side greenish-brown to blackish with golden tints, flanks light with silvery tints, belly white (Ref. 3397).
身體延長, 五角的部分.(參考文獻 51442) 吻中等的具有頂端狹窄而尖的.(參考文獻 3397) 下唇不是連續, 在中心中斷.(參考文獻 3397) 四個觸鬚在吻頂端與嘴之間的中點但是不達到後者.(參考文獻 3397, 參考文獻 51442) 沒有鱗片, 但是在身體上的 5個列的鱗甲: 背部的 9-16, 在兩邊上的側部 24-39, 在兩邊上的腹面 9-14, ，有稠密的在背部與側面的列之間的比較小菱形的碟的跨線。 (參考文獻 2196,參考文獻 3397,參考文獻 40476,參考文獻 51442) 背部兩側橄欖藍色的具有金色光澤, 側面顏色較淡具有銀色光澤, 腹部白色的.(參考文獻 3397)
Amphihaline and anadromous fish (Ref. 51346, 51439), frequenting littoral zones (Ref. 2163, 51439, 51442). A long-lived and slow-growing species (Ref. 9988). It lives the major part of his life in sea but enters rivers for reproduction (Ref. 30578, 51442). Found on various substrates, from sand to rocks (Ref. 51346). At the sea, it occurs in coastal and estuarine zones. In freshwaters, it inhabits estuaries and large rivers (Ref. 59043). Juveniles found both in estuaries and in the sea (Ref. 2163), they slowly adapt to saltwater (Ref. 89103) and usually spend around 2-3 years in river estuaries before moving to the sea (Ref. 40152), some may migrate to the sea during their first summer (Ref. 59043). Usually solitary. Feeds on crustaceans, mollusks, polychaete worms and small fish. Today most males only reach 100-150 cm length, females 130-215 cm (Ref. 59043, 89104). Utilized fresh and frozen, and also for caviar; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). A threatened species, mainly due to bycatch, poaching, habitat degradation (spawning grounds, nursery areas) and physical obstacles to migration (Ref. 26160).
Amphihaline 與河川洄游魚 (參考文獻 51346, 參考文獻 51439), 常出現於海濱的區域。 (參考文獻 2163, 參考文獻 51439, 參考文獻 51442) 它住他的被生活於的海洋的主要部份但是為繁殖進入河.(參考文獻 30578, 參考文獻 51442) 發現的稚魚在河口中與在海洋中.(參考文獻 2163) 通常獨居性的。 變成稀有。 (參考文獻 4537) 吃甲殼動物，軟體動物，多毛類的蠕蟲與小魚。 卵沈澱在沙子或礫石上面了。 一個長命而生長緩慢的種.(參考文獻 9988) 生鮮使用與冷凍, 以及對於魚子醬; 清蒸, 油鍋炸的﹐火烤的, 煮沸了, 微波了而且燒烤了.(參考文獻 9988) 一個受威脅種,主要地由於誤捕,侵入, 棲息地減少 (產卵場, 繁殖場) 與迴游的物理障礙.(參考文獻 26160) 範圍 500-600 公分而且也許活超過 100 年。 在一個 7-9 年的年齡時性成熟。 產卵在深度在多石底部上的 2-10 公尺。 雌性生產附著到石頭的 800,000-2,400,000個黏黏的深灰色的卵。 (參考文獻 35388) 也參考文獻 40476.
Anadromous species, with adults migrating to the middle reaches of large rivers mainly in spring and early summer. Spawning occurs between March and August, when water temperature rises above 20 °C at depths of 2-10 m over stony bottoms in areas with strong current (1.5-2.0 m/s) (Ref. 51442, 59043, 89103).
Mature individuals do not feed during spawning migration (Ref. 3193). Number of spawned eggs increases with age. After spawning adults return to the sea (Ref. 51442). The development of the sticky dark grey eggs (2.6-3.0 mm diameter) takes about one week at 17°C (Ref. 26160, 35388).
It is suggested that males spawn every 2 years, females every 3-4 years (Ref. 89072). Upstream spawning migrations appear to be positively correlated with water levels in rivers and distances of 1,000 kilometres or more may be covered when water levels are high (Ref. 89104).
Sturgeons in general have a high capacity for hybridization and most species are able to cross-breed (Ref. 89103, 89117). This species has been reported to cross-breed (albeit rarely) with the Danube sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) (Ref. 89105).
東大西洋: 只在法國的法國革命時期的穩健共和黨-Garonne-Dordogne 的流域中而且在喬治亞州只在 Rioni 流域中。 (參考文獻 26160) 在它的海洋的時候，階段分佈於從比斯開灣到斯堪的那維亞半島的東北大西洋海洋了, 地中海，摩洛哥與黑海 (參考文獻 3397, 參考文獻 26160, 參考文獻 51346) 的北海岸記錄來自冰島了。 (參考文獻 12462) 先前廣泛地沿著所有的歐洲海岸分佈。 (參考文獻 26334, 參考文獻 51439) 伯恩公約的附錄 3(受保育的動物群). 國際間的買賣禁止 ( 引用 I, 自從 29.7.83 以後; 公分 附錄 2). 發現於阿尼加湖與拉多加湖了。 (參考文獻 42845) 使用博物館標本的最近染色體研究揭露了這一個種共以來自亞得里亞海海洋到伊伯利亞半島的 A. naccarii 存在。 (參考文獻 52173)
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
極危 (CR) (A2cde; D); Date assessed: 15 September 2020
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性
工具
特別的報告
下載 XML
網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.3 - 18.8, mean 11 °C (based on 738 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00275 (0.00158 - 0.00480), b=3.13 (2.99 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.51 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 36.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (tm=7-20; tmax=100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.49 [4.38, 16.01] mg/100g; Iron = 0.212 [0.119, 0.345] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [15.1, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.293 [0.144, 0.603] g/100g; Selenium = 30.4 [14.0, 64.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 3.3 [1.0, 11.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.403 [0.274, 0.606] mg/100g (wet weight);
