Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
marina batypelagisk; djupintervall 350 - 3000 m (Ref. 1371), usually 1200 - 2700 m (Ref. 5951). Deep-water; 70°N - 68°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal: Except the North Pacific north of 10°N. Reported from the Walvis Ridge and near the Discovery and Meteor seamounts (Ref. 44938).
Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm 42.0, range 41 - 43 cm
Max length : 75.0 cm SL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5208); publicerad maxvikt: 3.3 kg (Ref. 128737); publicerad maxvikt: 3.3 kg; rapporterad maxålder: 44 år (Ref. 128738)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 55 - 61; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 36 - 44; Ryggkotor: 57 - 60. Blue-grey to blackish (Ref. 6606).
Found on the continental slope and upper rise (Ref. 6606). Epibenthic (Ref. 58426) and benthopelagic (Ref. 5951). Deep waters to 3277 m (Ref. 58426). May move offshore with age and spawn in the deep parts of its range. Off the eastern coast of United States, it is speculated that the population use the area only as feeding grounds with spawning taking place to the north. Feed on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 9319). Maximum weight of female from Ref. 128738.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduktion | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larver
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: kommersiell
Verktyg
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 1.9 - 4.6, mean 2.9 °C (based on 4347 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00331 (0.00267 - 0.00411), b=3.15 (3.08 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.47 se; based on food items.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mycket låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mer än 14 år (K=0.05-1.0; tm=15; tmax=44).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.8 [5.7, 48.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.264 [0.114, 0.738] mg/100g; Protein = 17.6 [15.8, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.114 [0.044, 0.291] g/100g; Selenium = 25.8 [8.1, 70.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 19.4 [2.2, 160.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.507 [0.276, 1.026] mg/100g (wet weight);
