分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Lethrinidae (Emperors or scavengers)
裸頰鯛科 (Emperors or scavengers) > Lethrininae
Etymology: Lethrinus: Greek, lethrinia, a fish pertaining to genus Pagellus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 0 - 20 m (Ref. 9710). 熱帶; 32°N - 32°S, 31°E - 155°W
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and E ast Africa to Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to northeastern Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海，東非，塞錫爾群島，馬爾地夫，斯里蘭卡，安達曼群島，印尼，菲律賓，日本南部，東北澳洲，巴布亞新幾內亞, 加羅林群島，索羅門群島，萬那度，斐濟與美屬薩摩亞。 記錄來自新加勒多尼亞了。 (參考文獻 11889)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 19.5 range ? - 21.1 cm
Max length : 54.9 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 125599); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 30573); 最大體重: 2.9 kg (Ref. 125599); 最大年齡: 15 年 (Ref. 2293)
背棘 (總數) : 10; 背的軟條 (總數) : 9; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body moderately deep, its depth 2.6-2.8 times in standard length; head length 0.9-1 times in body depth, 2.7-3.1 times in SL length, dorsal profile near eye distinctly or slightly convex; snout short and blunt, its length about 2.0-2.6 times in HL, measured without the lip the snout is 0.9-1 times in cheek height, its dorsal profile nearly straight, snout angle relative to upper jaw between 60° and 70°; interorbital space convex or almost flat; posterior nostril a narrow longitudinal slit, closer to orbit than anterior nostril; eye situated close to dorsal profile, its length 3.4-4.2 times in HL; cheek not very high, its height 2.3-3.1 times in HL; lateral teeth in jaws of adults molars or rounded; outer surface of maxilla smooth or with a longitudinal ridge; D X,9 the 4th or 5th dorsal-fin spine the longest, its length 2.5-3.1 times in body depth; A III,8 with the first soft ray usually the longest, its length almost equal to or longer or shorter than length of base of soft-rayed portion of anal fin and 1.2-1.6 times in length of entire anal-fin base; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin membranes between rays closest to body without dense melanophores; cheek without scales; 46-47 lateral-line scales usually; usually 5 ½ (sometimes 4 ½) scale rows between lateral line and base of middle dorsal-fin spines; 14-16 scale rows in transverse series between origin of anal fin and lateral line; 13-14 rows in lower series of scales around caudal peduncle; 4-8 scales in supratemporal patch; inner surface of pectoral-fin base densely covered with scales; posterior angle of operculum fully scaly. Colour of body olive or grey above, shading to silvery white below; a large elliptical black spot, often broadly edged in yellow, on side directly below lateral line and centered at a vertical near the posterior tip of pectoral fins; sometimes light blue dots bordering lower rim of eye and around nostrils; pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, and anal fins white to pinkish; caudal fin orange or reddish; vertical fins sometimes lightly mottled or striped (Ref. 114226).
嘴些微可伸出; 唇厚而肉質的。 內部的胸鰭基底濃密地覆蓋著鱗片了。 色彩是橄欖綠色的背面, 腹側灰白的; 鱗片背面有時具有白色的中心。 一個大的橢圓斑塊,時常寬廣地邊緣是黃色了, 在側邊上直接在側線下而且在胸鰭的一個垂直近後面的頂端集中。 有時淺藍色點毗鄰眼的下面霜與鼻孔的周圍。 胸鰭，腹鰭, 背鰭與臀鰭是白色到略帶桃色的。 尾鰭是橘色或淡紅的。 垂直的鰭有時是有淡色的斑點或斑紋。
Found solitary or in small schools over shallow sandy, coral rubble, mangroves, lagoons, channel and seagrass areas inshore and adjacent to coral reefs. Feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms and small fish. Reported to spawn throughout the year during the first five days of the lunar month in large aggregations in Palau. Caught mostly by shore seine, gill nets, traps, and handline. Marketed mostly fresh (Ref. 171, 68703); flesh spoils rapidly (Ref. 4369).
單獨發現或者形成小群魚群於水淺的沙地，珊瑚殘礫，紅樹林，潟湖，峽道與海草區域沿海地區與鄰近珊瑚礁。 吃多毛類動物，甲殼動物，軟體動物，棘皮動物與小魚。 報告的在帛琉較大時在第一個的時候產卵全年度五天的陰曆月群集。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了 (參考文獻 171; 肉很快地腐敗。 (參考文獻 4369)
印度-西太平洋: 紅海，東非，塞錫爾群島，馬爾地夫，斯里蘭卡，安達曼群島，印尼，菲律賓，日本南部，東北澳洲，巴布亞新幾內亞, 加羅林群島，索羅門群島，萬那度，斐濟與美屬薩摩亞。 記錄來自新加勒多尼亞了。 (參考文獻 11889)
Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.7 - 29.2, mean 28.5 °C (based on 3040 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01514 (0.01264 - 0.01812), b=2.98 (2.94 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.45-0.49; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.58, 95% CL = 0.38 - 0.87, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (79 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 49.7 [34.2, 75.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.885 [0.562, 1.363] mg/100g; Protein = 20.5 [18.0, 22.8] %; Omega3 = 0.128 [0.087, 0.187] g/100g; Selenium = 34.2 [20.1, 62.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24.1 [4.9, 137.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.54 [1.84, 3.36] mg/100g (wet weight);
