Miljö: miljö / Klimatzon / djupintervall / distributionsområde
Ekologi
marina; sötvatten; brackvatten pelagic-neritic; katadrom (Ref. 138280); djupintervall 10 - 20 m (Ref. 7399). Temperate; 64°N - 20°N, 26°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea, Bay of Biscay, Western Africa and offshore islands including the Canaries, Azores and Madeira; the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Introduced to the Caspian Sea.
Längd vid första mognad / Storlek / Vikt / Ålder
Könsmognad: Lm 34.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 61.0 cm FL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 117745); common length : 30.0 cm SL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 7399); publicerad maxvikt: 2.5 kg (Ref. 117745)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 5; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt) : 7 - 9; Taggstrålar i analfenan: 3. Longer pectoral fins, lack of black spot at the pectoral fin base. Golden spot present in gill cover (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Adults are neritic usually in schools, entering lagoons and lower estuaries (Ref. 7399); rarely entering freshwater (Ref. 3573, 59043). Juveniles move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in winter and especially in spring (Ref. 59043). They feed on small benthic organisms, detritus, and occasionally on insects and plankton (Ref. 2804). Juveniles feed only on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Reproduction takes place in the sea, from July to November. Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Minimum size allowed for fishing is 20 cm. The quality of the flesh is variable (Ref. 30578).
Juveniles move to coastal lagoons and estuaries in winter and especially in spring (Ref. 59043).
Thomson, J.M., 1986. Mugilidae. p. 344-349. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels, MRAC; Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3573)
Status på IUCN:s rödlista (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Hot mot människor
Harmless
Mänskliga användningsområden
Fiskeri: kommersiell; Vattenbruk: kommersiell
Verktyg
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Uppskattningar baserade på modeller
Önskad temperatur (Ref.
123201): 9.7 - 20.7, mean 11.9 °C (based on 344 cells).
Index för fylogenetisk mångfald (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00857 - 0.01221), b=2.95 (2.92 - 2.98), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 2.8 ±0.33 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.5 (3.7 - 6.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 31
growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.14-0.34; tm=3-4; tmax=8; Fec>10,000).
Prior r = 0.77, 95% CL = 0.51 - 1.16, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Sårbarhet i fisket (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
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Sårbarhet för klimatet (Ref.
125649): Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
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Näringsämnen (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.9 [5.1, 136.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.255 [0.151, 0.421] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.9, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 1.21 [0.47, 3.11] g/100g; Selenium = 2.88 [1.17, 7.25] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.9 [3.4, 52.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.478 [0.334, 0.670] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.