分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Sciaena: Greek, skiaina, skion = a fish, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 200 m (Ref. 9505). 亞熱帶的; 51°N - 13°N, 19°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Southern Bay of Biscay to Mauritania, occasionally southwards to Senegal. Also throughout the Mediterranean and Black seas. Records from Ghana (Ref. 6810) and Gabon (Ref. 5516) are questionable. Two records in Belgium were actually for Micropogonias undulatus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Ref. 117298). The record off Wimereux is a misinterpretation during data entry mistake from the the Müller (2004, Ref. YYY) (Bailly, pers. comm., March 2018).
東大西洋: 英倫海峽到茅利塔尼亞,偶然地向南至塞內加爾。 也在地中海與黑海各處。 來自迦納 (參考文獻 6810) 的紀錄與加彭 (參考文獻 5516) 是可疑的。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 23.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 70.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3397); common length : 28.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大年齡: 21 年 (Ref. 9505)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 23 - 25; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 7 - 8.
Occurs in shallow coastal waters mainly on rocky and sandy bottoms, often entering estuaries and more active at night. Also inhabits caves and reefs (Ref. 9987). Feeds on small fishes and crustaceans (Ref. 4780). SCUBA diving observations suggest this to be a very calm fish with remarkable buoyancy control and an ability to move without much apparent effort (Ref. 9505). Marketed fresh and frozen; in Turkey, otoliths are ground to a powder and used as remedy for urinary tract infections (Ref. 9987).
出現於沿岸淺水區主要在岩質與砂質底部上, 時常進入河口與更活躍的在晚上。 也居住於洞穴與礁。 (參考文獻 9987) 吃小魚與甲殼動物。 (參考文獻 4780) 潛水觀察意味著這是非常安靜的魚具有顯著的浮力控制，而且一種能力移動而不須要多明顯的努力。 (參考文獻 9505) 在市場上銷售生鮮和冷凍; 在土耳其，耳石是沈澱成粉末而且用作了療法用來治療尿道發炎.(參考文獻 9987)
東大西洋: 英倫海峽到茅利塔尼亞,偶然地向南至塞內加爾。 也在地中海與黑海各處。 來自迦納 (參考文獻 6810) 的紀錄與加彭 (參考文獻 5516) 是可疑的。
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12.8 - 19.6, mean 15.3 °C (based on 215 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00773 - 0.00937), b=3.08 (3.05 - 3.11), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.19; tm=3; tmax=21).
Prior r = 0.59, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.88, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 48 [28, 95] mg/100g; Iron = 0.789 [0.426, 1.386] mg/100g; Protein = 20.1 [18.5, 21.7] %; Omega3 = 0.355 [0.207, 0.554] g/100g; Selenium = 32.5 [16.8, 59.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 12.4 [4.3, 38.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.779 [0.570, 1.144] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
