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Epinephelus morio, Red grouper : fisheries, gamefish, aquarium
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Bermuda; strays occur north to Massachusetts.
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm54.4, range 35 - 98 cm Max length : 125 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 26340); common length : 50.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 23.0 kg (Ref. 9710); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 25 Tahun (Ref. 5222)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 11; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 16 - 17; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 8 - 10. Color of head and body dark reddish brown, shading to pink or reddish below. Opercle with 3 flat spines, the middle one being the largest. Vertical fins angulate in larger fish. Pelvic fins shorter than pectorals and inserted slightly behind ventral and pectoral-fin base. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. No saddle on caudal peduncle. Interspinous membranes not incised (Ref. 26938); head length 2.3-2.5 times in SL; convex interorbital; subangular preopercle, serrae at angle slightly enlarged; straight upper edge of operculum; posterior and anterior nostrils subequal (Ref. 89707). Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Adults occur mainly over rocky and muddy bottoms. Uncommon around coral reefs. Usually rest on the bottom (Ref. 9710). Juveniles may be found in shallow water, but adults are usually taken from depths of 70-330 m (Ref. 13442). Feed on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates. Are protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 55367). Most females transform to males between ages 7 to 14. Susceptible to red tide toxin (Ptychodiscus brevi) (Ref. 5222). Marketed fresh or frozen. The world record for hook and line, 39 lbs., from Cape Canaveral, Florida (Ref. 13442).
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Rentan (VU) (A2bd); Date assessed: 20 November 2016
Suhu yang disukai (Acuan 123201): 11.5 - 25.7, mean 19.1 °C (based on 233 cells).
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01413 (0.00916 - 0.02179), b=3.01 (2.89 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan 69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 8.9 (6.9 - 10.9) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 15 growth studies.
Daya lenting (Acuan 120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.1-0.18; tm=4-6; tmax=25; Fec=1.4 million).
Prior r = 0.64, 95% CL = 0.42 - 0.96, Based on 2 full stock assessments.
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (64 of 100). 🛈
Kerentanan Iklim (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (63 of 100). 🛈
