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Atheriniformes (Silversides)
銀漢魚目 (Silversides) >
Atherinidae (Silversides)
銀漢魚科 (Silversides) > Atherininae
Etymology: Atherina: Greek, atherina, the Greek name for the eperlane; 1770 (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Risso.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 非產卵性溯降河的 (Ref. 59043); 深度上下限 1 - ? m. 亞熱帶的; 53°N - 20°N, 18°W - 42°E
Eastern Atlantic: Portugal and Spain to Nouadhibou in Mauritania and Madeira, and throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Isolated populations on coasts of England and the Netherlands (Ref. 5980). Previously, two subspecies were recognized in Russian waters: Atherina boyeri pontica (Eichwald, 1838) from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and Atherina boyeri caspia (Eichwald, 1838) from the Caspian Sea (Ref. 26334).
東大西洋: 對在茅利塔尼亞與馬得拉群島中的 Nouadhibou 的葡萄牙與西班牙, 與在地中海與黑海各處。 在英格蘭與荷蘭的海岸上的孤立的族群.(參考文獻 5980) 二個亞種在俄國水域辨認出: Atherina boyeri pontica(Eichwald,1838) 從黑海與亞速海與 Atherina boyeri caspia(Eichwald,1838) 從裡海.(參考文獻 26334)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 5.8, range 5 - ? cm
Max length : 20.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 30578); 最大年齡: 4 年 (Ref. 59043)
背棘 (總數) : 7 - 10; 背的軟條 (總數) : 8 - 16; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 18. Eye diameter wider than snout length (Ref. 35388).
眼直徑比吻的長度寬。 (參考文獻 35388)
A very euryhaline species, where adults are frequently found in brackish waters and more sporadically in freshwater (Ref. 3788), preferring still or slow flowing waters in freshwater (Ref. 59043). They are found in lower parts of rivers, estuaries, coastal lakes and sea; pelagic in lakes (Ref. 59043). Adults occur in great schools. They are carnivorous, feeding on small crustaceans, worms, mollusks (Ref. 5980) and fish larvae (Ref. 35388) in lakes and estuaries, and on benthos in rivers (Ref. 59043). Can usually live 1 to 2 years, rarely up to 4 years. Some populations undergo spawning migrations into estuaries. Mature individuals are fractional spawners, larger individuals spawn for a longer period. Eggs are demersal, with long hairy appendages attaching them to the substrate consisting of filamentous algae, often at depths of 2 to 6 m. Larvae are pelagic often forming schools close to the shores (Ref. 59043).
最廣鹽性種類, 時常是發現於半鹹淡水域與更偶而在淡水中.(參考文獻 3788) 成魚出現在大的魚群。 肉食性, 吃小型甲殼動物，蠕蟲，軟體動物 (參考文獻 5980) 與仔魚。 (參考文獻 35388)
東大西洋: 對在茅利塔尼亞與馬得拉群島中的 Nouadhibou 的葡萄牙與西班牙, 與在地中海與黑海各處。 在英格蘭與荷蘭的海岸上的孤立的族群.(參考文獻 5980) 二個亞種在俄國水域辨認出: Atherina boyeri pontica(Eichwald,1838) 從黑海與亞速海與 Atherina boyeri caspia(Eichwald,1838) 從裡海.(參考文獻 26334)
Maugé, L.A., 1990. Atherinidae. p. 604-605. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 4499)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.9 - 21, mean 18.3 °C (based on 136 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00479 - 0.00691), b=3.07 (3.01 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.36 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.8; tm=1; tmax=4;).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.38 - 0.85, Based on 3 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 134 [71, 293] mg/100g; Iron = 1.07 [0.63, 1.91] mg/100g; Protein = 20.4 [19.0, 21.6] %; Omega3 = 0.34 [0.18, 0.64] g/100g; Selenium = 14.4 [6.8, 32.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.1 [8.8, 69.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.4 [0.9, 2.0] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
