Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; स्वच्छ जल, अलवण जल; खारा; गहराई सीमा ? - 40 m (Ref. 188). Tropical; 12°N - 26°S, 64°W - 33°W (Ref. 188)
Western Atlantic: Trinidad and the Guianas; from Sergipe south to about Rio de Janeiro. Also found in freshwater. Also southern Brazil (Ref. 26938).
आकार / वज़न / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 22.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 125970); common length : 12.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 5217); अधिकतम प्रकाशित वज़न: 114.60 g (Ref. 125970)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 0; गुदा कांटा: 0; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 70 - 85. Belly with a keel of scutes, but interrupted below pectoral fin base; scutes 7 or 8, then a gap, followed by 10 to 13, the outer edges of scutes smooth and not serrated. Upper jaw broad at midpoint, tapering posteriorly, the tip reaching or surpassing gill opening; no hypo-maxilla. Pectoral fins large; dorsal fin very small, set far back on body; anal fin long (Ref. 188). Sides of head silvery (Ref. 37032).
Occurs inshore, off river mouths, in estuaries, and some distance up rivers in freshwater (e.g., up Coppename River near Wilhelmina Mts, Suriname). Found over sand and mud bottom (Ref. 5217). Possibly spawns in rivers. Utilized as a food fish at some localities (Ref. 5217).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | पुनरुत्पत्ति | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | लार्वा
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य
साधन
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.9 - 27.8, mean 27.3 °C (based on 84 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00279 - 0.00543), b=3.04 (2.95 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 3.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
लौटाव (Ref.
120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (K=0.35).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (12 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 195 [123, 416] mg/100g; Iron = 1.5 [0.9, 2.5] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.0, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.259 [0.128, 0.505] g/100g; Selenium = 34 [16, 75] μg/100g; VitaminA = 48 [18, 117] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.77 [1.23, 2.44] mg/100g (wet weight);
