Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; depth range ? - 40 m (Ref. 188). Tropical; 12°N - 26°S, 64°W - 33°W (Ref. 188)
Western Atlantic: Trinidad and the Guianas; from Sergipe south to about Rio de Janeiro. Also found in freshwater. Also southern Brazil (Ref. 26938).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 22.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 125970); common length : 12.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5217); max. published weight: 114.60 g (Ref. 125970)
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 70 - 85. Belly with a keel of scutes, but interrupted below pectoral fin base; scutes 7 or 8, then a gap, followed by 10 to 13, the outer edges of scutes smooth and not serrated. Upper jaw broad at midpoint, tapering posteriorly, the tip reaching or surpassing gill opening; no hypo-maxilla. Pectoral fins large; dorsal fin very small, set far back on body; anal fin long (Ref. 188). Sides of head silvery (Ref. 37032).
Occurs inshore, off river mouths, in estuaries, and some distance up rivers in freshwater (e.g., up Coppename River near Wilhelmina Mts, Suriname). Found over sand and mud bottom (Ref. 5217). Possibly spawns in rivers. Utilized as a food fish at some localities (Ref. 5217).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvae
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.9 - 27.8, mean 27.3 °C (based on 84 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00279 - 0.00543), b=3.04 (2.95 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Generation time: 3.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.35).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (12 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 195 [123, 416] mg/100g; Iron = 1.5 [0.9, 2.5] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.0, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.259 [0.128, 0.505] g/100g; Selenium = 34 [16, 75] μg/100g; VitaminA = 48 [18, 117] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.77 [1.23, 2.44] mg/100g (wet weight);
