分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Dorosomatidae (Gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Etymology: Tenualosa: Latin, tenuis = thin + Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Hamilton.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 127664); 深度上下限 ? - 200 m. 熱帶; 34°N - 5°N, 42°E - 97°E (Ref. 188)
Indian Ocean: Persian Gulf eastward to Myanmar, including western and eastern coasts of India. Reported from the Gulf of Tonkin, Viet Nam (Ref. 9706). Reported in Tigris River basin and probably other rivers of southern Iran (Ref. 39702).
印度洋: 波斯灣向東至緬甸,包括印度的西岸與東岸。 記錄來自越南的東京灣了。 (參考文獻 9706) 在底格里斯河流域與伊朗南部的可能其他河中報告。 (參考文獻 39702)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 31.3, range 18 - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 188); common length : 36.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4832); common length :42 cm TL (female); 最大体重: 680.00 g (Ref. 4832); 最大体重: 680.00 g; 最大年龄: 5 年 (Ref. 43871)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 18 - 21; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 18 - 23. Belly with 30 to 33 scutes. Distinct median notch in upper jaw. Gill rakers fine and numerous, about 100 to 250 on lower part of arch. Fins hyaline. A dark blotch behind gill opening, followed by a series of small spots along flank in juveniles. Color in life, silver shot with gold and purple.
腹面有 30 到 33个鳞甲。 在上颌中明显的中央凹槽。 鳃耙细且多, 大约 100 到 250 在弓的较下面的部位上。 鳍透明的。 被跟随着一系列的小斑点的一个黑色斑块在后鳃裂在稚鱼中沿着侧面。 颜色活着时, 用黄金与紫色的银色注射。
Schooling in coastal waters and ascending rivers for as much as 1200 km (usually 50-100 km). Migration though is sometimes restricted by barrages. Hilsa far up the Ganges and other large rivers seem to be permanent river populations. Feeds on plankton, mainly by filtering, but apparently also by grubbing on muddy bottoms. Breeds mainly in rivers during the southwest monsoon (also from January to February to March). Artificial propagation has been partially successful in India (Ref. 4832). Known to be a fast swimmer, covering 71 km in one day (Ref. 12203). Marketed fresh or dried-salted.
群游于沿岸水域而且溯河高达 1200 公里.(通常 50- 100 公里) 迁移虽然有时被障碍限制。 Hilsa 向上远达恒河，而且其他的大河似乎是永久的河川族群。 吃浮游生物,主要地藉着过滤, 但是显然地也藉着翻掘在泥底部上。 在西南季风的时候主要在河中繁殖。 (也从一月到二月到三月) 人工繁殖在印度已经部份成功。 (参考文献 4832) 已知是一位快速的游泳者, 包含的 71 公里在一天内.(参考文献 12203) 在市场上销售生鲜地了或乾燥盐腌。
Breeds mainly in rivers, upstream to about 50 km or even over 1000 km as in the Ganges (younger fishes may breed in the tidal zone of rivers). In some rivers the migration is restricted by barrages; there is some evidence that hilsa far up the Ganges and other large rivers, although migrating upstream to spawn, are permanent river populations that do not descend to the sea. The main breeding season is during the southwest monsoon, with a shorter season from January to February or March.印度洋: 波斯灣向東至緬甸,包括印度的西岸與東岸。 記錄來自越南的東京灣了。 (參考文獻 9706) 在底格里斯河流域與伊朗南部的可能其他河中報告。 (參考文獻 39702)
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 养殖: 实验的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.3 - 28, mean 24.7 °C (based on 224 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00801 - 0.01039), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.9 ±0.29 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.3-1.2; tmax=5; tm=2; Fec=220,000).
Prior r = 0.59, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.89, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (84 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 67.3 [52.4, 88.0] mg/100g; Iron = 2.07 [1.20, 3.36] mg/100g; Protein = 17 [16, 18] %; Omega3 = 0.619 [0.299, 1.262] g/100g; Selenium = 55 [24, 131] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16.3 [5.8, 45.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.09 [0.70, 1.79] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
