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Elasmobranchii (haaien en roggen) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Ramsay & Ogilby.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologie

marien demersaal; diepte 250 - ? m (Ref. 114953). Tropical; 2°S - 35°S, 111°E - 155°E (Ref. 114953)

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Indo-West Pacific: northern Australia and south coast of New Guinea (Refs. 9819, 114953). Also in the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819).

Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd

Maturity: L_m 37.5, range 35 - 40 cm
Max length : 94.0 cm WD mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 114953); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 7.4 kg (Ref. 114953)

A benthic species. Found on coastal to offshore on continental shelf in open sandy, muddy and silty habitat, including estuaries and intertidal zones. Mainly feeds on bony fishes (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Maturity size 35-42 cm WD (males) and 44-46 cm WD (females); hatch size 22-25 cm DW. Produces litters of 1-6 pups (Ref. 114953). Caught by shrimp trawlers.

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).

Hoofdreferentie Upload your references | Referenties | Coördinator : McEachran, John | Medewerkers

Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)

Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Niet bedreigd (LC) ; Date assessed: 24 March 2015

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Gevaar voor de mens

Harmless

Gebruik door de mens

Visserij: van minder commercieel belang

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 25.6 - 28.7, mean 27.7 °C (based on 360 cells).

Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278): 3.8 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179): Zeer laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd meer dan 14 jaar (Fec assumed to be <10).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).

Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766): Medium.

Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886)