分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays)
土魟科 (Stingrays) > Urogymninae
Etymology: Urogymnus: Greek, oura = tail + Greek, gymnos = naked (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Macleay.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 1 - 85 m (Ref. 9840). 熱帶; 26°N - 28°S, 44°E - 163°E
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea to Oceania, distribution considered patchy but probably widespread.
印度-西太平洋: 可能廣泛分佈, 但是已知來自馬爾地夫 (參考文獻 9181) ，塞錫爾群島 (參考文獻 10685) ，新幾內亞，密克羅尼西亞 , 與聖克魯茲與索羅門群島。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 141 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 58048)
Has white spots and a white tail.
有白色的斑點與一個白色的尾部。
Found in mangrove areas, also over sand or sand and rubble in lagoons near reefs to depth of 85 m on the continental shelf (Ref. 9840). Feeds on small fishes, bottom dwelling crustaceans, and large infauna (Ref. 9840). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449), with histotrophy. Caught regularly, but in low numbers, by demersal tangle net and bottom trawl fisheries. Utilized for its meat, skin (high value) and cartilage (Ref.58048).
發現於紅樹林區域了, 在大陸棚上在靠近礁區的瀉湖到深度中也在沙子或沙子與碎石之上 85 公尺.(參考文獻 9840) 吃小魚，底部住處甲殼動物與大的魚群。 (參考文獻 9840) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Fully developed young, size at birth 28 cm (Ref. 37816, Ref.58048).印度-西太平洋: 可能廣泛分佈, 但是已知來自馬爾地夫 (參考文獻 9181) ，塞錫爾群島 (參考文獻 10685) ，新幾內亞，密克羅尼西亞 , 與聖克魯茲與索羅門群島。
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
瀕危 (EN) (A2cd); Date assessed: 24 July 2023
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.5 - 28.8, mean 27.7 °C (based on 584 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01023 (0.00486 - 0.02155), b=3.06 (2.87 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.64 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
