分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 36 m (Ref. 13608). 熱帶; 22°N - 24°S, 97°W - 30°W
Western Atlantic: southern Gulf of Mexico and West Indies to Santos, Brazil.
西大西洋: 墨西哥灣南部與西印度群島到巴西的桑托斯。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 58.8, range 50 - 55 cm
Max length : 200 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3168); common length : 125 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6077)
Disc rhomboid. Blunt and close-set tubercles that clothe the midzone of disc. Snout in front of eyes about 1.4 times as long as distance between outer margins of orbits. Upper surface brown, sometimes yellowish or olivaceous. Lower surface pure or yellowish white, ventral tail fold and dorsal keel black (Ref. 6902).
體盤偏菱形。 鈍的而且靠攏在一起覆蓋體盤的中央區域的小瘤。 在眼睛前面中的吻大約 1.4 倍長於眼眶外緣之間的距離。 上表皮褐色, 有時淡黃色或橄欖色的。 下表面全白色或黃白色又腹的尾部摺層與背部的龍骨脊黑色.(參考文獻 6902)
Demersal species on continental shelf to at least 35 m (but likely to be deeper); also found in brackish water, with young collected from tide pools (Ref. 114953). Mobile invertebrate feeders, feeds on benthic mobile invertebrates such as molluscs, crustaceans and worms associated with hard or nearby unconsolidated substrate (Ref. 103985); also on small fishes (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Marketed salted; also used in the preparation of gelatin and good quality oil. Between 1995 and 2000, at least 5 specimens have been traded as aquarium fish at Ceará, Brazil (Ref. 49392).
棲息於淺水域。 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 在市場上銷售鹽醃的; 也被用於凝膠與好品質油的材料。 在 1995 與 2000之間, 至少 5件標本曾經在巴西的塞阿臘交易當作水族館魚.(參考文獻 49392)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 墨西哥灣南部與西印度群島到巴西的桑托斯。
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) (A2d); Date assessed: 21 June 2019
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.7 - 28.2, mean 27.6 °C (based on 565 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00696 - 0.02076), b=3.06 (2.91 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Fec=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
