分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 2 - 137 m (Ref. 5222), usually 5 - 35 m (Ref. 40849). 亞熱帶的; 35°N - 28°S, 92°W - 33°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean south to Sao Paulo, Brazil.
西大西洋: 百慕達群島，墨西哥灣與加勒比海南至聖保羅巴西。 中央與南方的美國岸邊到圭亞那.(參考文獻 26938)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 53.6, range 50 - 63 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 26340); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大体重: 18.5 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (总数) : 11; 背的软条 (总数) : 15 - 16; 臀棘: 3; 臀鳍软条: 10 - 12. Distinguished by the following characteristics: Head and body have oval groups of dark spots; outer third of pectoral fin bright yellow (Ref. 26938); two color morphs: a deep-water reddish form and shallow-water greenish form; depth of body contained 2.9-3.2 times in SL; head length 2.6-2.9 times in SL; convex interorbital area; evenly rounded preopercle or with slight notch, without projecting bony lobe at the angle; nostrils subequal or posterior nostrils with diameter twice the size of anterior nostrils (Ref. 89707).
头部与身体有椭圆形群体的深色斑点; 胸鳍的外面第三个鲜黄色的.(参考文献 26938)
Adults found on rocky and coral reefs, juveniles occur in shallow turtle grass beds. Also been taken in trawls over mud bottom in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Feeds mainly on fishes (mostly on coral reef species) and squids. Although often implicated in ciguatera poisonings, it is a desirable food fish; and even large (5 to 10 kg) fish from areas considered safe are sold in markets. Also caught with surface trolling. Sex-reversal has been observed (Ref. 5521).
稚鱼出现在水浅的泰来海藻床; 成鱼发现于岩石与珊瑚礁了。 也在墨西哥湾北部被采自在泥底上的拖网。 主要吃鱼 (大部份在珊瑚礁种上) 与乌贼。 虽然时常关系到热带海鱼中毒, 它是一个令人满意的食用鱼; 甚至认为保险箱的来自区域的大的 (5 到 10 公斤) 鱼被卖在市场中。 也用表面的拖钓捕获。 性别-反转已经被观察.(参考文献 5521)
西大西洋: 百慕達群島，墨西哥灣與加勒比海南至聖保羅巴西。 中央與南方的美國岸邊到圭亞那.(參考文獻 26938)
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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特别资料
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.3 - 28, mean 27 °C (based on 310 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00720 - 0.01748), b=3.04 (2.92 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.09-0.17; tmax=15; Fec=400,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.5 [7.1, 26.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.452 [0.227, 0.786] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [17.5, 21.0] %; Omega3 = 0.219 [0.129, 0.378] g/100g; Selenium = 21.5 [10.5, 42.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 70.2 [22.5, 249.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.489 [0.322, 0.741] mg/100g (wet weight);
