分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 55 - 525 m (Ref. 5222). 熱帶; 43°N - 34°S, 98°W - 35°W
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA to the Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Trinidad, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo (Ref. 47377), Brazil. Rare in the West Indies (Cuba, Haiti, and Trinidad). Reports from the eastern Pacific are apparently misidentifications of Epinephelus exsul.
西大西洋: 美國麻薩諸塞州到墨西哥灣，古巴，千里達，里約熱內盧與聖保羅 (參考文獻 47377) 巴西。 稀有的在西印度群島 (古巴，海地與千里達). 來自東太平洋的報告顯然地是 巴拿馬石斑魚〔Epinephelus exsul〕 的誤鑑。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 230 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5222); 最大體重: 198.1 kg (Ref. 4699); 最大年齡: 91 年 (Ref. 127586)
背棘 (總數) : 10; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 15; 臀棘: 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9. Distinguished by the following characteristics: dark reddish brown or brownish grey to almost black dorsally, dull reddish grey below; depth of body contained 2.4-2.6 times in SL; head length 2.1-2.5 times in SL; distinctly convex interorbital area; angular preopercle, rounded angle, with slightly enlarged serrae and with 1-2 small spines on lower edge just in front of angle; smooth interopercle and subopercle; subequal nostrils, posterior nostrils slightly larger; maxilla reaches well past eye; 4-5 rows of small teeth on midside part of lower jaw in adults and juveniles with 2-3 rows (Ref. 89707).
A solitary species (Ref. 26340) usually found on rocky bottoms; juveniles are occasionally seen on jetties and shallow reefs (Ref. 89707). Adults feed on a variety of crabs, shrimps, lobsters, and fishes. Marketed fresh.
一種獨居性種 (參考文獻 26340) 通常發現於岩石底部; 稚魚偶然地在突堤與淺水礁區上被見到。 成魚吃多種螃蟹，蝦，龍蝦與魚。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了。
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
西大西洋: 美國麻薩諸塞州到墨西哥灣，古巴，千里達，里約熱內盧與聖保羅 (參考文獻 47377) 巴西。 稀有的在西印度群島 (古巴，海地與千里達). 來自東太平洋的報告顯然地是 巴拿馬石斑魚〔Epinephelus exsul〕 的誤鑑。
Craig, M.T. and P.A. Hastings, 2007. A molecular phylogeny of the groupers of the subfamily Epinephelinae (Serranidae) with revised classification of the epinephelini. Ichthyol. Res. 54:1-17. (Ref. 83414)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) ; Date assessed: 21 November 2016
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
工具
特別的報告
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網路資源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.8 - 23.1, mean 18.3 °C (based on 82 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.00685 - 0.02536), b=3.05 (2.89 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.05-0.14; tmax=24).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 40.6 [19.0, 78.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.705 [0.364, 1.349] mg/100g; Protein = 18.1 [16.2, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.233 [0.128, 0.425] g/100g; Selenium = 129 [65, 268] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.85 [3.12, 28.03] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.619 [0.422, 0.939] mg/100g (wet weight);
