分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 深度上下限 6 - 70 m (Ref. 3702). 熱帶; 14°N - 24°S, 84°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Nicaragua to Santos, Brazil.
西大西洋: 尼加拉瓜到巴西的桑托斯。
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 115 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 65.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 最大體重: 4.4 kg (Ref. 125970)
背棘 (總數) : 11; 背的軟條 (總數) : 27 - 31; 臀棘: 2; 臀鰭軟條: 8. Greyish to brownish above, silvery below. Upper sides sometimes with inconspicuous minute dark dots. Dorsal fin dusky, its spinous portion black-edged. Soft dorsal fin with dark spots on each ray. Pectoral and pelvic fins as well as anal fin yellowish to orange. Caudal fin dusky. Inside mouth orange. Mouth large, distinctly oblique, lower jaw projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with 2 marginal pores. Gas bladder with a pair of long, curved, horn-like appendages. Sagitta (large earstone) elongate, with a notch on dorsal margin. Soft portion of dorsal fin membranes unscaled except 2 or 3 rows of scales at base (Ref 51721).
略灰色的到上方褐色的, 下面銀色的。 上側面有時有不明顯的細小黑點。 背鰭暗色的, 它的刺狀部分黑邊。 在每個鰭條上的軟的背鰭有深色斑點。 胸鰭與腹鰭以及臀鰭淡黃色的到橘色的。 尾鰭暗色的。 在嘴裡橘色的。 嘴大的﹐明顯斜, 下頜突出的。 在頂端上頜有一對大的像犬齒一樣的齒。 沒有觸鬚或孔的下巴。 吻部有 2個邊緣的孔。 氣鰾有一對長的﹐彎曲的﹐和像觸角一樣的附肢。 矢耳石 (大的 earstone) 延長, 在上緣上具有一個凹槽。 背鰭薄膜的柔軟部位在基底 (參考文獻 51721) 的除了 2 或 3 列的鱗片以外不覆有鱗片的。
Usually found over sandy mud bottoms in coastal waters near river mouths (Ref. 3702). Adults stay in deep waters during the day and swim to the surface at night (Ref. 35237). Juveniles inhabit estuaries. Marketed fresh; its flesh is of excellent quality (Ref. 3702). Its swim bladder is being used to make glue (Ref. 35237).
在河口附近的沿岸水域中通常發現於沙泥底之上。 (參考文獻 3702) 成魚停留在深的水域中在白天期間而且游泳到表面在晚上。 (參考文獻 35237) 稚魚棲息於河口。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了; 它的肉是有優良品質的。 (參考文獻 3702) 它的泳鰾正在被用來製造膠。 (參考文獻 35237)
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚
西大西洋: 尼加拉瓜到巴西的桑托斯。
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.7 - 28, mean 27.4 °C (based on 112 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00531 - 0.00822), b=3.06 (3.04 - 3.08), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.70 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Prior r = 0.26, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.38, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 67.7 [40.4, 126.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.787 [0.413, 1.359] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.0, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.208 [0.114, 0.339] g/100g; Selenium = 65.4 [34.7, 122.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.3 [5.1, 37.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.939 [0.680, 1.330] mg/100g (wet weight);
