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Alosa immaculata Bennett, 1835

Pontic shad
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Alosa immaculata   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Alosa immaculata (Pontic shad)
Alosa immaculata
Picture by Kutsarov, Y.

Klassifizierung / Names Namen | Synonyme | Catalog of Fishes(Gattung, Arten) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Alosa: Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Bennett.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ökologie

seewasser; süßwasser; brackwasser; anadrom (Ref. 51243); tiefenbereich 3 - 90 m (Ref. 10439). Temperate; 50°N - 41°N, 27°E - 44°E

Verbreitung Länder | FAO Gebiete | Ecosystems | Vorkommen | Point map | Einführungen | Faunafri

Eurasia: Black Sea and Sea of Azov ( in sea and in the Don, Danube and other rivers, as much as 567 km up the Don and as far as Kiev on the Dneiper before the dam was built). Recognized sub-species (Ref. 683): Alosa pontica pontica in the Black Sea and rivers feeding it; Alosa pontica kessleri and Alosa pontica volgensis in the Caspian Sea.

Size / Gewicht / Alter

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - 23.4 cm
Max length : 39.0 cm SL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 188); max. veröff. Alter: 7 Jahre (Ref. 10439)

Kurzbeschreibung Bestimmungsschlüssel | Morphologie | Morphometrie

Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0; Afterflossenstacheln: 0. Body fairly elongate, more `herring-like' than `shad-like'. Gill rakers rather thin, usually equal to or a little shorter than gill filaments. Teeth well developed in both jaws. Resembles A. caspia, which usually has more Gill rakers (50 to 180, much longer than gill filaments), poorly developed teeth and a deeper, `shad-like' body; A. maeotica has fewer Gill rakers (33 to 36).

Biologie     Fachlexikon (Englisch) (z.B. epibenthic)

Thai species is pelagic at sea, in deep water. It migrates to middle reaches of large rivers, spawning where current is strongest, close to the surface, often at 2-3 m depth in the main channel. Migrates upriver to spawn at 3 years, rarely earlier and only a few individuals spawn two seasons. It appears along the coast in March to April, enters rivers when temperatures reach about 6-9°C, between late March and late April; migration usually peaks in May. Spawning starts when temperature rises above 15°C in April to August; usually between 1 and 8 p.m. Pelagic eggs. Spent individuals return to the sea to feed. Juveniles inhabit floodplain and shallow riverine habitats, migrate to the sea or estuarine habitats during first summer; in autumn return to the sea until maturity. When at sea, it feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (mainly crustaceans, (Crangon, Upogebia, Idothea, gammarids) and small fish (Engraulis, Clupeonella, Sprattus). Reduction of spawning sites and migration routes are caused by impoundment of main rivers. Heavy over fishing apparently reduced all populations during the first decade of the 20th century (Ref. 59043). Reaches a smaller size (30 cm SL, usually 14-18) in Don River; a smaller form reaches only 21 cm.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Fortpflanzung | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larven

Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 59043).

Hauptreferenz Upload your references | Referenzen | Koordinator | Partner

Kottelat, M., 1997. European freshwater fishes. An heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, 52/Suppl. 5:1-271. (Ref. 13696)

IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)

  gefährdet, siehe IUCN Red List (VU) (B2ab(v)); Date assessed: 01 January 2008

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Bedrohung für Menschen

  Harmless





Nutzung durch Menschen

Fischereien: weniger kommerziell
FAO - Fischereien: landings; Publication: search | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Mehr Information

Trophic ecology
Nahrungsorganismen
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
Räuber
Ecology
Ökologie
Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Längenhäufigkeiten
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances
Life cycle
Fortpflanzung
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
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Egg(s)
Egg developments
Larven
Larven Pop.Dyn.
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Anatomy
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Gehirngröße
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Toxicities (LC50s)
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References
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Internet Quellen

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | FishWatcher Einträge suchen | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Gattung, Arten | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Fischereien: landings; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: Genom, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Nationale Datenbanken | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: Gehe zu, Suchen | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoobank | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 8.6 - 14.8, mean 13.3 °C (based on 68 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.00777 - 0.02235), b=2.99 (2.84 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278):  4.0   ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref. 120179):  mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (K=0.32; tm=2; tmax=9).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low to moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100).
Preiskategorie (Ref. 80766):   High.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 14.6 [7.1, 77.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.56 [0.23, 1.34] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [17.1, 22.4] %; Omega3 = 1.44 [0.75, 2.79] g/100g; Selenium = 9.61 [4.44, 21.22] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.7 [4.5, 66.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.335 [0.208, 0.588] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.