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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Pseudotolithus: Greek, pseudes = false + greek, otos = ear + Greek, lithos = stone (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Bleeker.
पर्यावरण: पर्यावरण / जलवायु क्षेत्र / गहराई सीमा / वितरण सीमा
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री; स्वच्छ जल, अलवण जल; खारा ड़िमरसल; गहराई सीमा 0 - 160 m (Ref. 3593). Tropical; 12°N - 17°S
Eastern Atlantic: Guinea-Bissau (Ref. 26999) to southern Angola (Ref. 3593, 81656). Possibly also occurring more to the north (Ref. 81656).
आकार / वज़न / आयु
परिपक्व अवधि: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3593); common length : 35.0 cm TL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 3593)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 10; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 35 - 39; गुदा कांटा: 2; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 7. Diagnosis: moderately sized species with an elongate and laterally compressed body; dorsal with 9 (10?) spines in 1st part, second part with 1 spine and 35-39 soft fin rays; second anal spine clearly shorter than first anal fin soft ray, i.e. about half its length, and robust; pectoral fins long, 23.3-27.3% SL; caudal fin S-shaped; mouth inferior almost horizontal; maxilla extending to posterior half of eye; 7-9/1/4-7 (total 13-18) gill rakers on 1st gill arch; lower part of 1st gill arch with 2-6 reduced additional gill rakers, upper part with 0-2 reduced additional ones; gill rakers moderately long and fine, but shorter than the gill filament at angle between lower and upper part of gill arch; preopercular edge feebly denticulated but never with spines; eyes rather small, 4.6-5.4 times in HL, but this character is difficult to use for identification because of allometry (Ref. 81656).
Coloration: generally very dark, but occasionally pale silver often with faint dark brown oblique lines on sides; ventral side of head and belly yellowish; all fins greyish to very dark brown, black (Ref. 81656).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated; Cross section: compressed.
Occurs in coastal waters from the shore to about 70 m over mud bottom, but moves to deeper water. Also found in estuaries and coastal lagoons (Ref. 3593, 81656). Mainly feeds on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 81656).
जीवन चक्र और संभोग व्यवहार
परिपक्व अवधि | पुनरुत्पत्ति | मछलीऔ का अंडे देना | अंडे | उपजाऊपन | लार्वा
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
आईयूसीएन रेड लिस्ट स्थिति (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
मनुष्यों के लिए ख़तरा
Harmless
मानव उपयोग
मात्स्यिकी: व्यापारिक
साधन
विशेष रिपोर्ट
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
मॉडल पर आधारित अनुमान
पसंदीदा तापमान (संदर्भ
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 26 °C (based on 102 cells).
जातिवृति विविधता सूचकांक (संदर्भ
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00277 - 0.01195), b=3.13 (2.95 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
ट्रॉफिक स्तर (संदर्भ
69278): 3.6 ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
लौटाव (संदर्भ
120179): माध्यम, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी होने का समय 1.4 - 4.4 वर्ष। (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
मछली पकड़ने की भेद्यता (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
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पोषक तत्व (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 114 [62, 210] mg/100g; Iron = 0.872 [0.469, 1.499] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.5, 19.8] %; Omega3 = 0.156 [0.078, 0.287] g/100g; Selenium = 75.1 [39.5, 144.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.5 [6.1, 43.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.15 [0.82, 1.64] mg/100g (wet weight);