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Western Central Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico and east coast of US from North Carolina to Key West and along the southern shore of the Caribbean Sea. Juveniles are occasionally found as far north as Massachusetts.
Comprimento de primeira maturação / Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturidade: Lm33.2 range ? - ? cm Max length : 107 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 89707); common length : 30.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 3708); peso máx. publicado: 14.2 kg (Ref. 40637); idade máx. registrada: 21 anos (Ref. 6846)
Espinhos dorsais (total) : 11; Raios dorsais (total) : 16 - 18; Espinhos anais: 3; Raios anais : 10 - 12. Distinguished by the following characteristics: four color patterns, first is brown phase with head and body pale brown covered with small reddish brown spots that extend onto median fins, second is cat's paw phase with pale brown body color with dorsolateral parts of body having several clusters of dark brown spots resembling the paw print of a cat, third is with large adults with grey-head phase with the rear two-thirds of the body dark, head and body anterior to the 6th dorsal-fin spine in silvery grey with dark reticulations and fourth is bicoloured phase with pale brown anteriorly and abruptly dark chocolate brown posteriorly; depth of body contained 3.0-3.4 times in SL; head length 2.6-3.0 times in SL; convex interorbital area; angular preopercle, angle with distinct bony lobe; serrate interopercle and subopercle; posterior nostrils of adults 2-4 times larger than anterior ones (Ref. 89707). Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Found over ledges and high-relief rocky bottoms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico; at low-profile bottoms at depths of 30 to 100 m in North Carolina; this species was the most abundant grouper in areas of living Oculina coral formations at depths of 70 to 100 m off the east coast of Florida. This species apparently moved inshore when bottom temperature fell below 8.6°C. Juveniles found in shallow water at jetties and in mangrove areas.
Ciclo de vida ou comportamento de acasalamento Maturidade | Reprodução | Desova | Ovos | Fecundidade | Larvas
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
Status na Lista Vermelha da UICN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2 (Global))
Ciclo de vida Reprodução Maturidade Maturidade/Rel. das guelras Fecundidade Desova Agregações de desova Ovos Desenvolvimento dos ovos Larvas Dinâmica larval
Fisiologia Composição corporal Nutrientes Consumo de oxigênio Tipo de natação Velocidade de natação Pigmentos visuais Som de peixe Doenças e Parasitas Toxicidade (LC50s)
Temperatura preferida (Ref. 123201): 20.7 - 27.5, mean 24.4 °C (based on 130 cells).
Índice de diversidade filogenética (Ref. 82804): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00912 (0.00416 - 0.02000), b=3.05 (2.88 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resiliência (Ref. 120179): Baixo, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 4,5 - 14 anos (K=0.09-0.17; tmax=21).
Vulnerabilidade da pesca (Ref. 59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100). 🛈
Vulnerabilidade climática (Ref. 125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100). 🛈
